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At The Fungal Farmer's Market, Only The Best Cyanobacteria Are For Sale
ScienceDaily (Aug. 24, 2009) — Lichens are the classic example of a symbiotic relationship. Both the fungal and photobiont components of the lichen benefit from the relationship and often are unable to survive without each other. Recent research by Dr. Robert Lücking (The Field Museum, Chicago), Dr. James Lawrey (George Mason University, Virginia) and a team of colleagues from around the world has put a new spin on this relationship.
See also:
Plants & Animals
* Fungus
* New Species
* Agriculture and Food
* Microbes and More
* Evolutionary Biology
* Nature
Reference
* Lichen
* Species
* Fungus
* Sac fungi
In a paper published in the August 2009 issue of the American Journal of Botany, Lücking et al. explore the possibility of lichens as domesticators, similar to early farmers domesticating grains. By investigating the evolutionary history of a group of cyanobacteria associated with lichens, Lücking and Lawrey and their team have made some surprising conclusions.
Although lichen fungi represent more than 1000 genera, most are associated with photobionts that represent only four genera, one of them believed to be the common and widely distributed cyanobacterial genus Scytonema. However, the identity of photobionts thought to be Scytonema has never been confirmed. Lücking and his colleagues used DNA sequence data to reconstruct evolutionary relationships among free-living members of Scytonema and putative Scytonema photobionts associated with three major fungal lineages.
They discovered that these lichenized photobionts are not members of the genus Scytonema, but form a novel, previously unrecognized, entirely lichenized, lineage of cyanobacteria. The members of this novel lineage, which bears the name Rhizonema, physically appear very similar to free-living members of the genus Scytonema, and members of the two genera can be found close to each other—one lichenized, the other not. Apart from being the first discovery of a completely novel photobiont lineage in lichens using molecular phylogenetics, this find has important implications for ecosystem research because a large proportion of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria previously believed to occur in both lichenized and free-living forms now appear to be restricted to lichen symbioses.
Lücking et al. also found that a wide range of lichen fungi that are distantly related with each other but co-occur in the same habitats are associated with members of Rhizonema. This implies that the fungi "share" the cyanobacteria among them, as opposed to evolving in concert with the cyanobacteria, a process that would result in similar evolutionary patterns in the fungal and cyanobacterial components of the lichen.
The authors propose that photobionts are selected based on their compatibility with the mycobionts and their ability to contribute to the establishment and growth of the lichen. This results in an increase in the frequency of particular mycobiont-photobiont pairs, and likewise an increase in the frequency of particular photobionts, which then leads to an increase in the availability of these photobiont strains for other lichen associations. This process may be compared to crop domestication, where farmers develop improved crop varieties and share them with other farmers, leading to higher yields for the farmers and proliferation of the most widely-used varieties. Indeed, the North American lichenologist Trevor Goward has defined lichens as "fungi that discovered agriculture," and this study not only supports this view but adds a further dimension to it.
Journal reference:
1. Lucking, Robert, Lawrey, James D., Sikaroodi, Masoumeh, Gillevet, Patrick M., Chaves, Jose Luis, Sipman, Harrie J. M., Bungartz, Frank. Do lichens domesticate photobionts like farmers domesticate crops? Evidence from a previously unrecognized lineage of filamentous cyanobacteria. American Journal of Botany, 2009; 96 (8): 1409 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0800258
Adapted from materials provided by American Journal of Botany, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.
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Cyanobacterial photobionts of tropical cyanolichens of the genera Acantholichen, Coccocarpia, Dictyonema, and Stereocaulon, belong to a previously unrecognized, exclusively lichenized, novel lineage with the name Rhizonema. These photobionts are shared between unrelated lichen mycobionts co-occurring in the same habitats, leading to improved strains by means of mycobiont and environmental selection, in a similar way as farmers domesticate and improve crops. (Credit: Courtesy of Robert K. Lucking)
Related Stories
New Species Of Lichen Named After President Barack Obama (Apr. 16, 2009) — A lichen expert has discovered a new species of lichen, and named it after President Obama. He discovered the new species while doing a survey for lichen diversity on Santa Rosa Island, Calif. He ... > read more
Symbiotic Bacteria Protect Hunting Wasps From Fungal Infestation (Mar. 16, 2005) — Researchers have discovered a fascinating symbiotic relationship between a wasp species and a newly discovered bacterial species – a relationship that potentially sheds light on how bacteria ... > read more
Mutation In A Single Gene Switches A Fungus-grass Symbiosis From Mutualistic To Antagonistic (Mar. 29, 2006) — Scientists highlighted a novel role for reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a symbiotic association between a filamentous fungus and a grass. They isolated the fungal gene responsible for the production ... > read more
Scientists Develop Fungus-fighting Vaccine (Sep. 5, 2005) — A group of scientists in Italy have developed a vaccine with the potential to protect against fungal pathogens that commonly infect humans, according to a study by Torosantucci and colleagues in the ... > read more
Temporary Infidelity May Contribute To Stability Of Ancient Relationships (June 1, 2009) — Partner switching between fungus farming ants and their fungal clones during nest establishment may contribute to the stability of this long-term mutualistic ... > read more
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At The Fungal Farmer's Market, Only The Best Cyanobacteria Are For Sale
ScienceDaily (Aug. 24, 2009) — Lichens are the classic example of a symbiotic relationship. Both the fungal and photobiont components of the lichen benefit from the relationship and often are unable to survive without each other. Recent research by Dr. Robert Lücking (The Field Museum, Chicago), Dr. James Lawrey (George Mason University, Virginia) and a team of colleagues from around the world has put a new spin on this relationship.
See also:
Plants & Animals
* Fungus
* New Species
* Agriculture and Food
* Microbes and More
* Evolutionary Biology
* Nature
Reference
* Lichen
* Species
* Fungus
* Sac fungi
In a paper published in the August 2009 issue of the American Journal of Botany, Lücking et al. explore the possibility of lichens as domesticators, similar to early farmers domesticating grains. By investigating the evolutionary history of a group of cyanobacteria associated with lichens, Lücking and Lawrey and their team have made some surprising conclusions.
Although lichen fungi represent more than 1000 genera, most are associated with photobionts that represent only four genera, one of them believed to be the common and widely distributed cyanobacterial genus Scytonema. However, the identity of photobionts thought to be Scytonema has never been confirmed. Lücking and his colleagues used DNA sequence data to reconstruct evolutionary relationships among free-living members of Scytonema and putative Scytonema photobionts associated with three major fungal lineages.
They discovered that these lichenized photobionts are not members of the genus Scytonema, but form a novel, previously unrecognized, entirely lichenized, lineage of cyanobacteria. The members of this novel lineage, which bears the name Rhizonema, physically appear very similar to free-living members of the genus Scytonema, and members of the two genera can be found close to each other—one lichenized, the other not. Apart from being the first discovery of a completely novel photobiont lineage in lichens using molecular phylogenetics, this find has important implications for ecosystem research because a large proportion of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria previously believed to occur in both lichenized and free-living forms now appear to be restricted to lichen symbioses.
Lücking et al. also found that a wide range of lichen fungi that are distantly related with each other but co-occur in the same habitats are associated with members of Rhizonema. This implies that the fungi "share" the cyanobacteria among them, as opposed to evolving in concert with the cyanobacteria, a process that would result in similar evolutionary patterns in the fungal and cyanobacterial components of the lichen.
The authors propose that photobionts are selected based on their compatibility with the mycobionts and their ability to contribute to the establishment and growth of the lichen. This results in an increase in the frequency of particular mycobiont-photobiont pairs, and likewise an increase in the frequency of particular photobionts, which then leads to an increase in the availability of these photobiont strains for other lichen associations. This process may be compared to crop domestication, where farmers develop improved crop varieties and share them with other farmers, leading to higher yields for the farmers and proliferation of the most widely-used varieties. Indeed, the North American lichenologist Trevor Goward has defined lichens as "fungi that discovered agriculture," and this study not only supports this view but adds a further dimension to it.
Journal reference:
1. Lucking, Robert, Lawrey, James D., Sikaroodi, Masoumeh, Gillevet, Patrick M., Chaves, Jose Luis, Sipman, Harrie J. M., Bungartz, Frank. Do lichens domesticate photobionts like farmers domesticate crops? Evidence from a previously unrecognized lineage of filamentous cyanobacteria. American Journal of Botany, 2009; 96 (8): 1409 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0800258
Adapted from materials provided by American Journal of Botany, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.
Email or share this story:
| More
Need to cite this story in your essay, paper, or report? Use one of the following formats:
APA
MLA
enlarge
Cyanobacterial photobionts of tropical cyanolichens of the genera Acantholichen, Coccocarpia, Dictyonema, and Stereocaulon, belong to a previously unrecognized, exclusively lichenized, novel lineage with the name Rhizonema. These photobionts are shared between unrelated lichen mycobionts co-occurring in the same habitats, leading to improved strains by means of mycobiont and environmental selection, in a similar way as farmers domesticate and improve crops. (Credit: Courtesy of Robert K. Lucking)
Related Stories
New Species Of Lichen Named After President Barack Obama (Apr. 16, 2009) — A lichen expert has discovered a new species of lichen, and named it after President Obama. He discovered the new species while doing a survey for lichen diversity on Santa Rosa Island, Calif. He ... > read more
Symbiotic Bacteria Protect Hunting Wasps From Fungal Infestation (Mar. 16, 2005) — Researchers have discovered a fascinating symbiotic relationship between a wasp species and a newly discovered bacterial species – a relationship that potentially sheds light on how bacteria ... > read more
Mutation In A Single Gene Switches A Fungus-grass Symbiosis From Mutualistic To Antagonistic (Mar. 29, 2006) — Scientists highlighted a novel role for reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a symbiotic association between a filamentous fungus and a grass. They isolated the fungal gene responsible for the production ... > read more
Scientists Develop Fungus-fighting Vaccine (Sep. 5, 2005) — A group of scientists in Italy have developed a vaccine with the potential to protect against fungal pathogens that commonly infect humans, according to a study by Torosantucci and colleagues in the ... > read more
Temporary Infidelity May Contribute To Stability Of Ancient Relationships (June 1, 2009) — Partner switching between fungus farming ants and their fungal clones during nest establishment may contribute to the stability of this long-term mutualistic ... > read more
Search ScienceDaily
Number of stories in archives: 44,032
Find with keyword(s):
Enter a keyword or phrase to search ScienceDaily's archives for related news topics,
the latest news stories, reference articles, science videos, images, and books.
Just In:
Lightning's Mirror Image ... Only Much Bigger
Using Light To Teach Magnets New Tricks
Microchip Does 1,000 Chemical Reactions At Once
Naming Evolution's Winners And Losers
Inner 'Fingerprint' For Personal Medical Care
Why Sleep? To Boost Efficiency, Minimize Risk
Ultrathin LEDs: New Class Of Displays
Oxycholesterol: Greatest Heart Disease Risk?
Science Video News
Protect Yourself: Fighting Computer Crimes
Web sites that visualize images while the user enters a password could help prevent impostors from stealing personal data or money. The user would. ... > full story
* New Cast Skate Absorbs Impact, Distributes Weight, and Protects the Cast
* Atmospheric Scientists' Model Predicts Hurricane Threat Months In Advance
* Radiologists Use CT Scan To Diagnose Ancient Causes Of Death
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* S.Korea seeks 4-year prison term for stem cell fraud
* Encyclopedia of Life grows; clues on ageing, pests
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* Scientists make "sugar bug" drug for bowel disease
* Gene swap experiment makes altering bugs easier
* more science news
In Other News ...
* Netanyahu sees talks with Palestinians in 2 months
* Storm Bill loses steam in North Atlantic
* Fires near Athens recede after 3-day inferno
* Malaysian state to cane woman after Ramadan
* Justice Dept advises pursuing CIA abuses: report
* Facebook to boost staff by 50% in 2009: report
* U.S. presses sanctions to end N.Korea atomic plans
* Singapore shoots down "rumor" of APEC attack plot
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