the outline of six square panels, each 500 nanometres wide, to form a cross-shaped mould. Into this they deposited a film of nickel to form the sides

the outline of six square panels, each 500 nanometres wide, to form a cross-shaped mould. Into this they deposited a film of nickel to form the sides of the cube, adding grains of tin between the panels to form hinges.

The researchers found two methods to create a pattern on the panels. They could either incorporate the pattern directly into the mould or deposit a quantity of another metal, such as gold, onto the wafer before coating it with nickel.

Getting the panels to then "self-assemble" into a box required the application of gases to etch away the silicon, while also heating the panels to melt the tin hinges. This caused the hinges to contract as the grains of molten tin merged together, pulling up the panels to form a nanoscale box.

Using this technique, Gracias and Cho produced boxes with the letters JHU carved in each side, as well as boxes with the letters J and U printed in gold (Nano Letters, DOI: 10.1021/nl9022176).
The researchers produced nanoscale boxes with letters carved in each side or printed in gold

"Since we can build these particles with dissimilar materials [such as nickel and gold], we can construct electronic circuits on the faces to create 'smart' nanoparticles," predicts Gracias.ses gold spheres 14 nm across, with a 15-nanometre silica coating containing dye molecules. When these spheres are held in water and excited with an external laser, their coating acts to contain and amplify the plasmons until they release their energy as visible-light photons.

Mark Stockman of Georgia State University in Atlanta says the ability to switch a spaser on and off rapidly could find uses as a nanoscale transistor.

Journal reference: Zhang's paper: Nature, DOI: 10.1038/nature08364, Noginov's paper: Nature, DOI: 10.1038/nature08318Blasting the atmosphere of Saturn's moon Titan with X-rays can produce a base component of DNA, a new laboratory study suggests. While the effect may only occur periodically, when meteoroid impacts deliver water to the moon's surface, the finding adds to evidence that Titan may be ripe for life.

In some ways, Titan is more like Earth than any other body in the solar system. It has continents, lakes, clouds, and perhaps even rainMovie Camera – but where Earth has rock and water, Titan has ice and methane. It may also harbour an ocean of liquid water beneath its icy surface that could host life.

With its nitrogen-rich atmosphere and abundance of organic material, Titan seems like a model of the early Earth.

But how did life on Earth get started, and might a similar process have a chance on Titan? For decades, researchers have been trying to recreate life's appearance on the early Earth by zapping materials thought to be present there with electricity or high-energy photons
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Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.ro Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.ro Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.ro BitDefender Problem BitDefender 2010 Problem BitDefender 2010

BitDefender 2010

The "plasmonic laser" developed by Xiang Zhang's group at the University of California, Berkeley, uses an optical laser to create surface plasmons in a specially designed nanowire – containing cadmium-sulphide strands just 50 to 100 nm thick.

The wire rests on a sheet of metallic silver covered by a film of insulating material. The surface plasmons are created on the silver surface, with the wire acting to contain these plasmons and amplify them before they release their light.

The researchers were able to generate laser light at 489 nm, and they succeeded in focusing it onto a zone just 5 nanometres wide.

Separately, a group led by Mikhail Noginov of Norfolk State University in Virginia, created a device called a "spaser", which amplifies surface plasmons in a similar manner to a laser's amplification of light.DO YOU remember as a child producing paper cubes by folding up a flat cross shape? Now two researchers have applied the same technique to the nanoscale, in the process creating the first nanoparticles with precisely patterned surfaces. These patterns could form the basis of electronic nano-circuits or provide docking stations on targeted drug-delivery particles.

"At the macroscale, everything can easily be patterned in three dimensions," lead researcher David Gracias at Johns Hopkins University (JHU) in Baltimore, Maryland, told New Scientist. "However, nanoparticles with precisely patterned 3D surfaces simply do not exist."

The problem is that existing methods for patterning at the nanoscale only etch onto flat, two-dimensional surfaces. However, Gracias and his colleague Jeong-Hyun Cho realised that they could make a patterned 3D structure provided they could find a way to assemble it from a 2D one.

Using a narrow beam of electrons, Gracias and Cho carved into a sili
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Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.ro
Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.ro Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.ro Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.ro BitDefender Problem BitDefender 2010 Problem BitDefender 2010

BitDefender 2010

In normal photosynthesis, photosystem I grabs electrons from proteins higher up in the photosynthesis chain reaction. The team believe the viral photosystem I genes allow the cyanophages to not only take electrons from the proteins involved in photosythesis but also from other algal proteins.

"We suspect that when these phages enter the cell, they start to replace [the cell's] photosystem," says Béjà. "By grabbing electrons from all sources available at the time, they get more energy out of photosynthesis."

Eric Wommack of the University of Delaware in Newark says the discovery suggests these viruses may play a role in global oxygen production. "Their hosts produce half the world's oxygen and roughly 10 per cent of these cells are infected by cyanophages," he says. "So it is possible that as much as 5 per cent of the world's oxygen production results from cyanophage infected cells."Laser beams are about to get a whole lot more precise. Independent teams have found ways to shrink lasers to nanoscale dimensions in two radically different ways; one creating a spherical laser device 44 nanometres in diameter, while the other can concentrate laser light into a gap just 5 nm across.

Sources of electromagnetic waves cannot normally focus a beam to a size smaller than half its wavelength. For the spectrum of visible light, that's 190 to 350 nm.To go smaller, the teams used quasiparticles called surface plasmons – fluctuations in the density of electrons on a metal surface – which can absorb light, travel along the surface and re-emit that energy. They are much smaller than the wavelength of visible light, so it's possible to sustain a laser in a smaller area.

The trick to using them in a laser is to couple them with a medium which can amplify their light.
Silver sheet
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Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.ro Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.ro Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.ro BitDefender Problem BitDefender 2010 Problem BitDefender 2010

BitDefender 2010

Are machines capable of intelligence?

If we are talking intelligence in the animal sense, from the developments to date, I would have to say no. For me AI is a field of outstanding engineering achievements that helps us to model living systems but not replace them. It is the person who designs the algorithms and programs the machine who is intelligent, not the machine itself.

Are we close to building a machine that can meaningfully be described as sentient?

I'm an empirical kind of guy, and there is just no evidence of an artificial toehold in sentience. It is often forgotten that the idea of mind or brain as computational is merely an assumption, not a truth. When I point this out to "believers" in the computational theory of mind, some of their arguments are almost religious. They say, "What else could there be? Do you think mind is supernatural?" But accepting mind as a physical entity does not tell us what kind of physical entity it is. It could be a physical system that cannot be recreated by a computer.One of the first scientists to explore the effect of red on animal behaviour was Nobel prizewinning ethologist Niko Tinbergen. Around 60 years ago he noticed that whenever a red postal van parked outside his window, the sticklebacks in his aquarium would adopt an aggressive head-down posture normally reserved for encounters with rival males.

Primate behaviour is also strongly influenced by red. Joanna Setchell of Durham University found that mandrills, the world's largest species of monkey, use colour as a means of conflict management. In males, red faces, rumps and genitalia act as a status symbol, communicating fighting ability. "The brighter red a male is, the higher his testosterone level and the more aggressive he is," Setchell says. Between males of similar redness, threats, fights and tense stand-offs are frequent. Where there are large colour differences, the paler male usually stands down (Ethology, vol 111, p25).NEXT time you take in a lungful of oxygen, consider this: it was made possible in part by ocean viruses.

The viruses, which infect single-celled algae called cyanobacteria, are hyperefficient photosynthesisers thanks to a unique set of genes.

Previous work had shown that cyanophage viruses have some photosynthesis genes, apparently used to keep the host cyanobacteria on life support during the infection, which otherwise knocks out the cells' basic functions.

Now Oded Béjà from the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa says that the cyanophages' photosynthetic proficiency doesn't stop there. While screening DNA sequences in water samples collected during Craig Venter's Global Ocean Sampling Expedition, his team discovered seven more photosynthesis genes coding for a complex of proteins collectively named photosystem I. They believe the viral complex has a unique shape that makes cyanophage photosynthesis hyperefficient.
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Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.ro Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.ro Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.ro BitDefender Problem BitDefender 2010 Problem BitDefender 2010

BitDefender 2010

IMAGINE you are an experienced martial arts referee. You are asked to score a number of taekwondo bouts, shown to you on video. In each bout, one combatant is wearing red, the other blue. Would clothing colour make any difference to your impartial, expert judgement? Of course it wouldn't.

Yet research shows it almost certainly would. Last year, sports psychologists at the University of Münster, Germany, showed video clips of bouts to 42 experienced referees. They then played the same clips again, digitally manipulated so that the clothing colours were swapped round. The result? In close matches, the scoring swapped round too, with red competitors awarded an average of 13 per cent more points than when they were dressed in blue (Psychological Science, vol 19, p 769). "If one competitor is strong and the other weak, it won't change the outcome of the fight," says Norbert Hagemann, who led the study. "But the closer the levels, the easier it is for the colour to tip the scale." The image above shows one of these bespoke tools. This washer extraction tool was used to remove washers from the outer casing of one of the failed instruments so the crew could access its circuitry. By threading them onto its long aluminium needle, the washers were prevented from escaping. Its floral-esque head is designed to be easily gripped by a gloved hand, and the ring at the bottom allowed it to be tethered to a spacesuit when not in use. So far only three have been made - two for the repair mission and one for ground testing. According to Weiss, the tool worked "flawlessly and it, or a tool like it, will become part of NASA's kitbag for future use".

The photograph was taken by Michael Soluri in the clean room at the Goddard Space Flight Center just before the last repair mission, in the most restrictive conditions he has ever worked in. He was kitted out in a nylon "bunny suit", with boots and latex gloves, and his equipment had to be disassembled and chemically bathed beforehand. Soluri used black and white film to enhance the still-life quality of the photographs. "When you take the tools out of context they quickly become unique pieces of sculpture or engineering art," he says. I like AI pioneer Marvin MinskyMovie Camera's definition of AI as the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by humans. However, some very smart human things can be done in dumb ways by machines. Humans have a very limited memory, and so for us, chess is a difficult pattern-recognition problem that requires intelligence. A computer like Deep Blue wins by brute force, searching quickly through the outcomes of millions of moves. It is like arm-wrestling with a mechanical digger. I would rework Minsky's definition as the science of making machines do things that lead us to believe they are intelligent.
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Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.ro
Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.ro Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.ro Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.ro BitDefender Problem BitDefender 2010 Problem BitDefender 2010

BitDefender 2010

This was no easy task. "We know how to replace instruments and electrical connectors but we had never attempted to go inside the guts of an instrument and fix it in space," says Michael Weiss, deputy programme manager for Hubble at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. Repairing such complex equipment is usually done on a sterile bench inside a laboratory cleaner than an operating theatre, with each step taken painstakingly precisely - not something easily done in a pressurised spacesuit.

It required a completely new set of tools to be built for the job, which had to be easy for the astronauts to use, electrically neutral, and able to prevent the screws and bolts from floating off into space as soon as they were loosened.The study shows there is still more to learn from what is "probably the single most examined rock in all of human history," says Marc Fries of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, who has previously examined samples of the meteorite but was not a member of Niles's team.

But there is still no proof of any past Martian life in the rock, he and Niles agree. Determining whether Mars ever harboured life may require a mission to bring back rock samples from the planet, he says.IMAGINE you are an experienced martial arts referee. You are asked to score a number of taekwondo bouts, shown to you on video. In each bout, one combatant is wearing red, the other blue. Would clothing colour make any difference to your impartial, expert judgement? Of course it wouldn't.

Yet research shows it almost certainly would. Last year, sports psychologists at the University of Münster, Germany, showed video clips of bouts to 42 experienced referees. They then played the same clips again, digitally manipulated so that the clothing colours were swapped round. The result? In close matches, the scoring swapped round too, with red competitors awarded an average of 13 per cent more points than when they were dressed in blue (Psychological Science, vol 19, p 769). "If one competitor is strong and the other weak, it won't change the outcome of the fight," says Norbert Hagemann, who led the study. "But the closer the levels, the easier it is for the colour to tip the scale."
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Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.ro
Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.ro Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.ro Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.ro BitDefender Problem BitDefender 2010 Problem BitDefender 2010

BitDefender 2010

Located at an altitude of 1740 metres, Mount Wilson Observatory got its start in 1904 when George Ellery Hale signed a free, 99-year lease for 40 acres at the summit to build world-class telescopes.

Then Hale erected the Snow Solar Telescope (1905), a 60-inch reflector (the world's largest when completed in 1908), the 150-foot Solar Tower, and finally the 100-inch Hooker Telescope (1918), which Edwin Hubble used to discover that the universe is expanding.

Despite being swamped with light pollution from the 13 million residents to its immediate south and southeast, the observatory has regained much of its scientific relevance.

In recent years, Mount Wilson has served as a test-bed for adaptive-optics and interferometric imaging. It's the main facility of Georgia State University's Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy (CHARA) and the site of the University of California's Infrared Spatial Interferometer (ISI).

To explain deposits of minerals containing calcium, magnesium, and iron, in the rock, Niles and his colleagues suggest the rock was sitting at or near the surface of Mars, with water rich in carbon dioxide bubbling up to the surface in the area from deep underground, perhaps as part of a hot spring.

The relative amounts of the three metals deposited from solution depend on the temperature of the water they were dissolved in. The team used previous measurements of these amounts to calculate a water temperature of less than 100 °C. This was not a certainty beforehand, since water can remain liquid above that temperature at the higher pressures underground.

"These minerals were formed in what is very likely to have been a habitable environment," Niles says.REPAIR or replace? In these frugal times, you would think the answer would always be a resounding repair. But surprisingly, until the final mission to service the Hubble Space Telescope last May, any instrument that failed on board was simply replaced. When two essential imaging instruments stopped working in the period running up to the mission, however, the crew decided a more sustainable approach was needed.

This was no easy task. "We know how to replace instruments and electrical connectors but we had never attempted to go inside the guts of an instrument and fix it in space," says Michael Weiss, deputy programme manager for Hubble at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. Repairing such complex equipment is usually done on a sterile bench inside a laboratory cleaner than an operating theatre, with each step taken painstakingly precisely - not something easily done in a pressurised spacesuit.
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Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.ro
Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.roAm vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.roAm vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.roBitDefender ProblemBitDefender 2010 ProblemBitDefender 2010

BitDefender 2010

But the claim was never widely accepted. Other scientists countered that the shapes were ambiguous and that the complex carbon-based molecules could have been produced without life, since they are also found in chunks of asteroids that fall to Earth as meteorites, for example.

And some argued that the carbon in the meteorite could have been deposited in very harsh conditions, involving water at more than 150 °C. Even the hardiest known terrestrial microbes die above about 120 °C.

But a new analysis suggests the water involved was cool enough to allow for life, which at least keeps open the possibility of fossilised life in the meteorite. The study was led by Paul Niles of NASA Johnson. Neither he nor any of the other team members were part of the 1996 life claim.
A rampaging fire in the Angeles National Forest in southern California is threatening a historic observatory at the summit of Mount Wilson, as well as a dense crowd of television transmitters there.

The "Station Fire" fire began on Wednesday afternoon but has spread quickly, doubling in size overnight, to an area covering more than 345 square kilometres. With tongues of flame stretching about 25 metres long, the fire is only 5 per cent contained and will likely take another week to contain completely.

By Sunday evening, it had moved to within 3.2 km of Mount Wilson Observatory. On Monday, fire officials said fire had not reached the area, but they said the area still remained highly vulnerable.

Fire fighters were ordered to withdraw from Mount Wilson on Monday morning because it was too dangerous for crews to be in the area, according to the Los Angeles Times. Flame retardant will instead be dropped on the mountain from planes.
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Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.ro
Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.roAm vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.roAm vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.roBitDefender ProblemBitDefender 2010 ProblemBitDefender 2010

BitDefender 2010

The second thing we have to do is fight to keep the most destructive roads from being built - the ones that penetrate pristine frontier areas. There is no shortage of battles to wage. A proposed highway between Colombia and Panama, for example, would expose one of the world's most biologically important areas, the Chocó-Darién wilderness, to rampant destruction. Likewise, Brazil's BR-319 highway is threatening to open up the central Amazon like a zipper.
Brazil's BR-319 highway is threatening to open up the central Amazon region like a zipper

Finally, we need to pressure those promoting these frontier roads. These include timber corporations like Asia Pulp & Paper and Rimbunan Hijau, international lenders such as the Asian, African and Inter-American Development Banks, and massive infrastructure schemes such as Brazil's Programme to Accelerate Growth. In their scramble for tropical timber, minerals, oil and agricultural products, China and its corporations have become perhaps the biggest drivers of destructive road expansion.

Restricting frontier roads is by far the most realistic and cost-effective approach to conserving rainforests and their amazing biodiversity and climate-stabilising capacity. As Pandora quickly learned, it is far harder to thrust the evils of the world back into the box than to simply keep it closed in the first place.

Despite its shortened lifetime, Chandrayaan-1 met all its technical milestones and completed 95 per cent of its scientific objectives by mapping almost all of the lunar surface, Karnik says. Data from the mission – including more than 70,000 images – are still being analysed, Karnik says.

India's space agency is also working on the spacecraft's successor, Chandrayaan-2, which will consist of an orbiter, a lander, and a rover. India hopes Chandrayaan-2 will reach the moon by 2013. A 1996 claim of fossilised microbes in a meteorite from Mars has yet to be confirmed, but a new analysis does suggest the rock's Martian environment had the conditions conducive to life.

Researchers led by David McKay of NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, caused a sensation 13 years ago when they proposed that a chunk of Mars rock found in Antarctica, called ALH 84001, contained possible signs of past life on the Red Planet, including complex carbon-based molecules and some microscopic objects shaped like bacteria.
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Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.ro
Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.roAm vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.roAm vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.roBitDefender ProblemBitDefender 2010 ProblemBitDefender 2010

BitDefender 2010

ontact with Chandrayaan-1 may have been lost because its antenna rotated out of direct contact with Earth, Karnik says. Earlier this year, the spacecraft lost both its primary and back-up star sensors, which use the positions of stars to orient the spacecraft.
Joint venture

After the failures, the spacecraft switched to using spinning gyroscopes to point the probe. A programming or hardware glitch with the gyros could have sent the craft spinning, Karnik says. "The star sensor played a major role and the loss of that certainly affected the further management of the spacecraft orientation and orbit," he told New Scientist.

The loss of Chandrayaan-1 comes less than a week after the spacecraft's orbit was adjusted to coordinate radar observations with NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. During the manoeuvre, Chandrayaan-1 fired its radar beam into a crater on the moon's north pole. Both spacecraft listened for echoes that might indicate the presence of water ice – a precious resource for future lunar explorers.

The LHC will have to sprint to catch up, and it won't be easy. While the LHC's higher energies should produce more Higgs particles, it will also boost the production of other particles that can mimic a Higgs, says Gordon Kane of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. Telling between the two will require a precise understanding of how the LHC's detectors are working, which takes time to develop.

The LHC, however, could become the first to find particles of dark matter, a search for which the Tevatron is not well suited.hroughout the tropics, infections such as malaria, dengue fever, enteric pathogens and HIV have all been shown to rise sharply after new roads are built. Some indigenous groups, such as the Surui tribe of Brazilian Amazonia, have been driven to the edge of extinction by roads and the invading loggers, colonists and diseases they bring.

What can we do to slow the onslaught? First, we must vastly improve environmental impact assessments for planned roads. In many developing nations, EIAs focus solely on the roads themselves, completely ignoring the knock-on effects. In Brazil, for instance, EIAs for Amazonian highways focus only on a narrow swathe along the route, often recommending only paltry mitigation measures, such as helping animals to relocate before building begins. EIAs for certain mines, hydroelectric dams and other large developments focus only on the project itself while ignoring the impact of the roads it will invariably spawn. New roads will continue to drive rainforest destruction so long as the EIA process is so fundamentally flawed.It's a convenient crossroads on the way to a place you really want to visit," says Lou Friedman, founder and executive director of the Planetary Society, a space advocacy group that supports sending astronauts to Mars.

"The place we all want to go is Mars. Stepping out into interplanetary space, Lagrange points present the nearest milestone to Earth that's still beyond the moon," Friedman told New Scientist.

Going to L2 would take about a month and communications from Earth would take about four seconds to arrive at L2, while a trip to Mars would take at least six months and would involve communications delays of about 20 minutes.

NASA could use a Lagrange mission to test technologies needed for a Mars trip – such as life-support systems and ways to protect astronauts from harmful radiation – while remaining in easy contact with Earth.

This is still not as dramatic as a straight shot to Mars, Friedman says, but he says baby steps have value. "The Gemini programme leading up to Apollo didn't go anywhere [except low-Earth orbit] ... but everyone understood that every step it took was on the way to the moon," he says. "I see what we could do at Lagrange points in the same way. At each step we build up our capability to go further."
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Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.roAm vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.roAm vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.roBitDefender ProblemBitDefender 2010 ProblemBitDefender 2010

BitDefender 2010

The Tevatron definitely has a chance," says Greg Landsberg of Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, who works on one of the LHC's detectors.

With the LHC due to restart only in November at CERN near Geneva, Switzerland, the Tevatron has been gaining ground in the search for the Higgs, the particle thought to give mass to other elementary particles. At last week's Lepton Photon conference in Hamburg, Germany, Tevatron physicists said that by early 2011 they will have recorded enough data to allow them to either find or rule out the Higgs as predicted by the standard model.
Tevatron physicists said that by early 2011 they will have the data to either find the Higgs or rule it out

The LHC will have to sprint to catch up, and it won't be easy. While the LHC's higher energies should produce more Higgs particles, it will also boost the production of other particles that can mimic a Higgs, says Gordon Kane of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. Telling between the two will require a precise understanding of how the LHC's detectors are working, which takes time to develop. remote frontier areas, where law enforcement is often weak, new roads can open a Pandora's box of other problems, such as illegal logging, colonisation and land speculation. In Brazilian Amazonia, 95 per cent of deforestation and fires occur within 50 kilometres of roads. In Suriname, most illegal gold mines are located near roads. In tropical Africa, hunting is significantly more intensive near roads.

Environmental disasters often begin as a narrow slice into the forest. Rainforests are found mostly in developing nations where there are strong economic incentives to provide access to logging, oil and mineral operations and agribusiness. Once the way is open, waves of legal and illegal road expansion follow. For instance, the Belém-Brasília highway, completed in the 1970s, has developed into a 400-kilometre-wide swathe of forest destruction across the eastern Amazon.

Beyond the forest itself, frontier roads imperil many indigenous peoples, especially those trying to live with limited contact with outsiders. As I write, indigenous groups in the Peruvian Amazon are stridently protesting the proliferation of new oil, gas and logging roads into their traditional territories. The roads bring loggers, gold miners and ranchers who often subjugate the indigenous people. Even worse, the invaderrobe has lost contact with Earth, and the mission has been declared over more than a year earlier than intended. It is not yet clear what caused the communications failure, but mission members suspect it was exacerbated by the earlier loss of star sensors used to orient the craft.

Chandrayaan-1 launchedMovie Camera on 22 October 2008 and was designed to spend two years mapping the moon.

But on Saturday, after less than 10 months in orbit, the $80 million mission lost contact with radio dishes in Bangalore, India, used to communicate with it.

"We don't know the exact reason for [the] loss of radio signals, but as of now they have declared the mission complete," says Deviprasad Karnik, space counsellor at the Embassy of India in Washington, DC. He said scientists from the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) "are assembling at Bangalore, and they're going to try to figure out what
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Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.roAm vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.roAm vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.roBitDefender ProblemBitDefender 2010 ProblemBitDefender 2010

BitDefender 2010

In our increasingly globalised world, roads are running riot. Brazil has just punched a 1200-kilometre highway (the BR-163) into the heart of the Amazon and is in the process of building another 900-kilometre road (the BR-319) through largely pristine forest. Three new highways are slicing across the Andes, from the Amazon to the Pacific. Road networks in Sumatra are opening up some of the island's last forests to loggers and hunters. A study published in Science found that 52,000 kilometres of logging roads had appeared in the Congo basin between 1976 and 2003 (vol 316, p 1451).

As my colleagues and I reveal in a forthcoming article in Trends in Ecology and Evolution, these are just a small sample of the many new road projects slicing through tropical frontiers.

Why are roads so bad for rainforests? Tropical forests have a uniquely complex structure and humid, dark microclimate that sustain a huge number of endemic species. Many of these avoid altered habitats near roads and cannot traverse even narrow road clearings. Others run the risk of being hit by vehicles or killed by people hunting near roads. This can result in diminished or fragmented wildlife populations, and can lead to local extinctions.

Future astronauts could repair telescopes at a staging area at the nearest Earth-moon Lagrange point and send them sailing back to L2 when they're done. They could also assemble large telescopes or spaceships at the staging area and then send them out to farther-flung destinations.

Useful though it may be, is sending people to empty space the inspiring stuff of ticker-tape parades? Lester thinks it could be.

"When you send people to fix a telescope, the country gets a lot more out of it than a fixed telescope. You get excitement, pride, a chance to show off our capabilities in space," he says. "We didn't leave footprints or plant flagpoles when we serviced the Hubble Space Telescope, and the public was just entranced."WITH the Large Hadron Collider still in the repair shop, the race to find the Higgs boson has become a lot tighter, thanks to the older and less powerful - but working - Tevatron collider near Chicago.
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The ultimate hope for many paralysed people, of course, is to regain movement in their own limbs. Until Fetz's experiment last year, no one had succes

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Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.roAm vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.roAm vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.roBitDefender ProblemBitDefender 2010 ProblemBitDefender 2010

BitDefender 2010

Astronauts may not have to go as far as L2 to be useful. Lagrange points exist in the Earth-moon system, and every other planet in the solar system also boasts Lagrange points with the sun.

It takes surprisingly little energy to travel between these points. That's because massive bodies like the sun and planets have gravitational fields that resemble mountains and hills, but Lagrange points are all at gravitational lowlands. Once set on the right path, spacecraft can coast along the gravitational contours of space between these lowlands, as if travelling on an interplanetary superhighway. Manipulating a cursor on a computer screen is one thing, but whether such brain chips could translate the more complicated tasks of daily life remained an open question until 2004, when John Donoghue and colleagues from Cyberkinetics in Providence, Rhode Island, implanted a 100-electrode chip in the brain of a 25-year-old man known as MN, who had been left paralysed from the neck down by a knife wound.

Over the subsequent nine months, MN successfully used this BrainGate chip to open emails, operate a television and even control a robotic arm (Nature, vol 442, p 164). It was a promising step, but the technology was far from perfect. "Although BrainGate1 worked well in many ways, at times the control was not satisfactory," says Donoghue. And by the end of the trial, fluids from the brain had degraded the chip. The team are now solving these problems, and earlier this year announced the start of a clinical trial for an improved version of the chip.
With a chip implanted in his brain, a paralysed man was able to open emails, operate the TV and even control a robotic arm
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BitDefender 2010

The monkey was in Eberhard Fetz's lab at the University of Washington in Seattle. The experiment, performed last year, was the first demonstration of a new treatment that might one day cure paralysis, which is typically caused by a broken connection in the spinal cord. Though much work has focused on using stem cells to regrow damaged nerve fibres, some researchers believe that an electronic bypass like this is equally viable.

The idea is to implant electronic chips in the relevant regions of the brain to record neural activity. Then a decoder deciphers the neural chatter, often from thousands of neurons, to figure out what the brain wants the body to do. These messages must then be relayed - ideally wirelessly - to electrodes that deliver a pulse of electricity to stimulate the muscles into action. Such "brain chips" are already restoring hearing to the deaf and vision to the blind, and helping to stave off epileptic fits, so the idea isn't as far-fetched as it might sound (see "Bionic medicine"). If you look at our list of future space telescope concepts, just about all of them are going to go to L2," says Dan Lester of the University of Texas, Austin, who spoke to the spaceflight review committee in July. "That's going to be a very busy place out there."

But what would humans do there? One useful task is repairing and upgrading the new telescopes, like astronauts have done five times with Hubble.

"Hubble is probably the most productive scientific facility ever developed in the history of science, and it's largely because every four or five years, we take out the old instruments ... and go up with brand-new instruments that address different questions and embrace the latest technology," Lester says. "If we want to have humans having anything to do with these new telescopes, we really have to think about Lagrange points."
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BitDefender 2010

A White House-commissioned task force charged with reviewing NASA's spaceflight plans is considering recommending this as part of a "deep space" option in a report expected soon. But why send humans to empty space?

Lagrange, or Lagrangian, points are great swathes of space where the gravitational acceleration from the Earth and the sun are exactly equal, letting objects stick there with very little effort.

Because they're far from warm stars and planets, they make useful havens for ultra-cold telescopes that measure fluctuations in the temperature of deep space.

The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), which measures radiation from the big bang, lives at a Lagrange point called L2 more than 1 million kilometres away. The successor to the Hubble Space Telescope, the massive James Webb Space Telescope, will also be sent to the spot, which lies in line with the sun and Earth (see illustration). A MONKEY sits on a bench, wires running from its head and wrist into a small box of electronics. At first the wrist lies limp, but within 10 minutes the monkey begins to flex its muscles and move its hand from side to side. The movements are clumsy, but they are enough to justify a rewarding slug of juice. After all, it shouldn't be able to move its wrist at all.

A nerve connection in the monkey's upper arm had previously been blocked with an anaesthetic that prevented signals travelling from its brain to its wrist, leaving the muscles temporarily paralysed. The monkey was only able to move its arm because the wires and the black box bypassed the broken link.
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Pinnacle Station

Origins is an action role-playing game that pits you and your team of powerful spectrobes against a dark force that devours whole galaxies. It marks the first time that the series has made the leap from handheld to console and features a healthy variety of spectrobes and a promising battle system, but its core mechanics never mature enough to create a truly gripping adventure. It's also quite repetitive and beset by numerous annoying faults that make this a charming but unrefined button masher. http://bitdefender-sucks.blogspot.com/2009/09/bitdefender-problem.html

Contrary to its high-reaching title, Pinnacle Station is a creative nadir in an otherwise excellent sci-fi universe. By downloading it, you get a simulated battle arena (one of video gaming's most arthritic cliches) and--a gun. There is hardly a smidgen of storytelling or role-playing, and the battle types and maps feel tossed together due to poor level design and problematic combat scenarios. Even at 400 Microsoft points ($5), Pinnacle Station is a condescending insult, the digital equivalent of scraps fed under the table to the family pooch.
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