IMAGINE you are an experienced martial arts referee. You are asked to score a number of taekwondo bouts, shown to you on video. In each bout, one combatant is wearing red, the other blue. Would clothing colour make any difference to your impartial, expert judgement? Of course it wouldn't.
Yet research shows it almost certainly would. Last year, sports psychologists at the University of Münster, Germany, showed video clips of bouts to 42 experienced referees. They then played the same clips again, digitally manipulated so that the clothing colours were swapped round. The result? In close matches, the scoring swapped round too, with red competitors awarded an average of 13 per cent more points than when they were dressed in blue (Psychological Science, vol 19, p 769). "If one competitor is strong and the other weak, it won't change the outcome of the fight," says Norbert Hagemann, who led the study. "But the closer the levels, the easier it is for the colour to tip the scale." The image above shows one of these bespoke tools. This washer extraction tool was used to remove washers from the outer casing of one of the failed instruments so the crew could access its circuitry. By threading them onto its long aluminium needle, the washers were prevented from escaping. Its floral-esque head is designed to be easily gripped by a gloved hand, and the ring at the bottom allowed it to be tethered to a spacesuit when not in use. So far only three have been made - two for the repair mission and one for ground testing. According to Weiss, the tool worked "flawlessly and it, or a tool like it, will become part of NASA's kitbag for future use".
The photograph was taken by Michael Soluri in the clean room at the Goddard Space Flight Center just before the last repair mission, in the most restrictive conditions he has ever worked in. He was kitted out in a nylon "bunny suit", with boots and latex gloves, and his equipment had to be disassembled and chemically bathed beforehand. Soluri used black and white film to enhance the still-life quality of the photographs. "When you take the tools out of context they quickly become unique pieces of sculpture or engineering art," he says. I like AI pioneer Marvin MinskyMovie Camera's definition of AI as the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by humans. However, some very smart human things can be done in dumb ways by machines. Humans have a very limited memory, and so for us, chess is a difficult pattern-recognition problem that requires intelligence. A computer like Deep Blue wins by brute force, searching quickly through the outcomes of millions of moves. It is like arm-wrestling with a mechanical digger. I would rework Minsky's definition as the science of making machines do things that lead us to believe they are intelligent.
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Yet research shows it almost certainly would. Last year, sports psychologists at the University of Münster, Germany, showed video clips of bouts to 42 experienced referees. They then played the same clips again, digitally manipulated so that the clothing colours were swapped round. The result? In close matches, the scoring swapped round too, with red competitors awarded an average of 13 per cent more points than when they were dressed in blue (Psychological Science, vol 19, p 769). "If one competitor is strong and the other weak, it won't change the outcome of the fight," says Norbert Hagemann, who led the study. "But the closer the levels, the easier it is for the colour to tip the scale." The image above shows one of these bespoke tools. This washer extraction tool was used to remove washers from the outer casing of one of the failed instruments so the crew could access its circuitry. By threading them onto its long aluminium needle, the washers were prevented from escaping. Its floral-esque head is designed to be easily gripped by a gloved hand, and the ring at the bottom allowed it to be tethered to a spacesuit when not in use. So far only three have been made - two for the repair mission and one for ground testing. According to Weiss, the tool worked "flawlessly and it, or a tool like it, will become part of NASA's kitbag for future use".
The photograph was taken by Michael Soluri in the clean room at the Goddard Space Flight Center just before the last repair mission, in the most restrictive conditions he has ever worked in. He was kitted out in a nylon "bunny suit", with boots and latex gloves, and his equipment had to be disassembled and chemically bathed beforehand. Soluri used black and white film to enhance the still-life quality of the photographs. "When you take the tools out of context they quickly become unique pieces of sculpture or engineering art," he says. I like AI pioneer Marvin MinskyMovie Camera's definition of AI as the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by humans. However, some very smart human things can be done in dumb ways by machines. Humans have a very limited memory, and so for us, chess is a difficult pattern-recognition problem that requires intelligence. A computer like Deep Blue wins by brute force, searching quickly through the outcomes of millions of moves. It is like arm-wrestling with a mechanical digger. I would rework Minsky's definition as the science of making machines do things that lead us to believe they are intelligent.
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