the outline of six square panels, each 500 nanometres wide, to form a cross-shaped mould. Into this they deposited a film of nickel to form the sides of the cube, adding grains of tin between the panels to form hinges.
The researchers found two methods to create a pattern on the panels. They could either incorporate the pattern directly into the mould or deposit a quantity of another metal, such as gold, onto the wafer before coating it with nickel.
Getting the panels to then "self-assemble" into a box required the application of gases to etch away the silicon, while also heating the panels to melt the tin hinges. This caused the hinges to contract as the grains of molten tin merged together, pulling up the panels to form a nanoscale box.
Using this technique, Gracias and Cho produced boxes with the letters JHU carved in each side, as well as boxes with the letters J and U printed in gold (Nano Letters, DOI: 10.1021/nl9022176).
The researchers produced nanoscale boxes with letters carved in each side or printed in gold
"Since we can build these particles with dissimilar materials [such as nickel and gold], we can construct electronic circuits on the faces to create 'smart' nanoparticles," predicts Gracias.ses gold spheres 14 nm across, with a 15-nanometre silica coating containing dye molecules. When these spheres are held in water and excited with an external laser, their coating acts to contain and amplify the plasmons until they release their energy as visible-light photons.
Mark Stockman of Georgia State University in Atlanta says the ability to switch a spaser on and off rapidly could find uses as a nanoscale transistor.
Journal reference: Zhang's paper: Nature, DOI: 10.1038/nature08364, Noginov's paper: Nature, DOI: 10.1038/nature08318Blasting the atmosphere of Saturn's moon Titan with X-rays can produce a base component of DNA, a new laboratory study suggests. While the effect may only occur periodically, when meteoroid impacts deliver water to the moon's surface, the finding adds to evidence that Titan may be ripe for life.
In some ways, Titan is more like Earth than any other body in the solar system. It has continents, lakes, clouds, and perhaps even rainMovie Camera – but where Earth has rock and water, Titan has ice and methane. It may also harbour an ocean of liquid water beneath its icy surface that could host life.
With its nitrogen-rich atmosphere and abundance of organic material, Titan seems like a model of the early Earth.
But how did life on Earth get started, and might a similar process have a chance on Titan? For decades, researchers have been trying to recreate life's appearance on the early Earth by zapping materials thought to be present there with electricity or high-energy photons
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The researchers found two methods to create a pattern on the panels. They could either incorporate the pattern directly into the mould or deposit a quantity of another metal, such as gold, onto the wafer before coating it with nickel.
Getting the panels to then "self-assemble" into a box required the application of gases to etch away the silicon, while also heating the panels to melt the tin hinges. This caused the hinges to contract as the grains of molten tin merged together, pulling up the panels to form a nanoscale box.
Using this technique, Gracias and Cho produced boxes with the letters JHU carved in each side, as well as boxes with the letters J and U printed in gold (Nano Letters, DOI: 10.1021/nl9022176).
The researchers produced nanoscale boxes with letters carved in each side or printed in gold
"Since we can build these particles with dissimilar materials [such as nickel and gold], we can construct electronic circuits on the faces to create 'smart' nanoparticles," predicts Gracias.ses gold spheres 14 nm across, with a 15-nanometre silica coating containing dye molecules. When these spheres are held in water and excited with an external laser, their coating acts to contain and amplify the plasmons until they release their energy as visible-light photons.
Mark Stockman of Georgia State University in Atlanta says the ability to switch a spaser on and off rapidly could find uses as a nanoscale transistor.
Journal reference: Zhang's paper: Nature, DOI: 10.1038/nature08364, Noginov's paper: Nature, DOI: 10.1038/nature08318Blasting the atmosphere of Saturn's moon Titan with X-rays can produce a base component of DNA, a new laboratory study suggests. While the effect may only occur periodically, when meteoroid impacts deliver water to the moon's surface, the finding adds to evidence that Titan may be ripe for life.
In some ways, Titan is more like Earth than any other body in the solar system. It has continents, lakes, clouds, and perhaps even rainMovie Camera – but where Earth has rock and water, Titan has ice and methane. It may also harbour an ocean of liquid water beneath its icy surface that could host life.
With its nitrogen-rich atmosphere and abundance of organic material, Titan seems like a model of the early Earth.
But how did life on Earth get started, and might a similar process have a chance on Titan? For decades, researchers have been trying to recreate life's appearance on the early Earth by zapping materials thought to be present there with electricity or high-energy photons
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Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.ro Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.ro Am vazut multe ceasuri superbe pe www.topceas.ro BitDefender Problem BitDefender 2010 Problem BitDefender 2010
