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NASA Probe Finds Sea Of Cosmic Neutrinos, New Evidence Of Early Universe
ScienceDaily (Mar. 7, 2008) — NASA has just released five years of data collected by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) that refines our understanding of the universe and its development. It is a treasure trove of information, including at least three major findings:
See also:
Space & Time
* Cosmology
* Big Bang
* Astrophysics
* Astronomy
* Cosmic Rays
* Dark Matter
Reference
* Shape of the Universe
* Big Bang nucleosynthesis
* Cosmic microwave background radiation
* Galaxy formation and evolution
* New evidence that a sea of cosmic neutrinos permeates the universe
* Clear evidence the first stars took more than a half-billion years to create a cosmic fog
* Tight new constraints on the burst of expansion in the universe's first trillionth of a second
"We are living in an extraordinary time," said Gary Hinshaw of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. "Ours is the first generation in human history to make such detailed and far-reaching measurements of our universe."
WMAP measures a remnant of the early universe - its oldest light. The conditions of the early times are imprinted on this light. It is the result of what happened earlier, and a backlight for the later development of the universe. This light lost energy as the universe expanded over 13.7 billion years, so WMAP now sees the light as microwaves. By making accurate measurements of microwave patterns, WMAP has answered many longstanding questions about the universe's age, composition and development.
The universe is awash in a sea of cosmic neutrinos. These almost weightless sub-atomic particles zip around at nearly the speed of light. Millions of cosmic neutrinos pass through you every second.
"A block of lead the size of our entire solar system wouldn’t even come close to stopping a cosmic neutrino,” said science team member Eiichiro Komatsu of the University of Texas at Austin.
WMAP has found evidence for this so-called "cosmic neutrino background" from the early universe. Neutrinos made up a much larger part of the early universe than they do today.
Microwave light seen by WMAP from when the universe was only 380,000 years old, shows that, at the time, neutrinos made up 10% of the universe, atoms 12%, dark matter 63%, photons 15%, and dark energy was negligible. In contrast, estimates from WMAP data show the current universe consists of 4.6% percent atoms, 23% dark matter, 72% dark energy and less than 1 percent neutrinos.
Cosmic neutrinos existed in such huge numbers they affected the universe’s early development. That, in turn, influenced the microwaves that WMAP observes. WMAP data suggest, with greater than 99.5% confidence, the existence of the cosmic neutrino background - the first time this evidence has been gleaned from the cosmic microwaves.
Much of what WMAP reveals about the universe is because of the patterns in its sky maps. The patterns arise from sound waves in the early universe. As with the sound from a plucked guitar string, there is a primary note and a series of harmonics, or overtones. The third overtone, now clearly captured by WMAP, helps to provide the evidence for the neutrinos.
The hot and dense young universe was a nuclear reactor that produced helium. Theories based on the amount of helium seen today predict a sea of neutrinos should have been present when helium was made. The new WMAP data agree with that prediction, along with precise measurements of neutrino properties made by Earth-bound particle colliders.
Another breakthrough derived from WMAP data is clear evidence the first stars took more than a half-billion years to create a cosmic fog. The data provide crucial new insights into the end of the "dark ages," when the first generation of stars began to shine. The glow from these stars created a thin fog of electrons in the surrounding gas that scatters microwaves, in much the same way fog scatters the beams from a car’s headlights.
"We now have evidence that the creation of this fog was a drawn-out process, starting when the universe was about 400 million years old and lasting for half a billion years," said WMAP team member Joanna Dunkley of the University of Oxford in the U.K. and Princeton University in Princeton, N.J. "These measurements are currently possible only with WMAP."
A third major finding arising from the new WMAP data places tight constraints on the astonishing burst of growth in the first trillionth of a second of the universe, called “inflation”, when ripples in the very fabric of space may have been created. Some versions of the inflation theory now are eliminated. Others have picked up new support.
"The new WMAP data rule out many mainstream ideas that seek to describe the growth burst in the early universe," said WMAP principal investigator, Charles Bennett, of The Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Md. "It is astonishing that bold predictions of events in the first moments of the universe now can be confronted with solid measurements."
The five-year WMAP data were released this week, and results were issued in a set of seven scientific papers submitted to the Astrophysical Journal.
Prior to the release of the new five-year data, WMAP already had made a pair of landmark finds. In 2003, the probe's determination that there is a large percentage of dark energy in the universe erased remaining doubts about dark energy's very existence. That same year, WMAP also pinpointed the 13.7 billion year age of the universe.
Additional WMAP science team institutions are: the Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, Columbia University, University of British Columbia, ADNET Systems, University of Chicago, Brown University, and UCLA.
Adapted from materials provided by NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center.
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NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center (2008, March 7). NASA Probe Finds Sea Of Cosmic Neutrinos, New Evidence Of Early Universe. ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 24, 2009, from http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2008/03/080307182745.htm
enlarge
Relative constituents of the universe today, and for when the universe was 380,000 years old, 13.7 billion years ago. Neutrinos used to be a larger fraction of the energy of the universe than they are now. (Credit: WMAP Science Team)
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Related Stories
Could The Universe Be Tied Up With Cosmic String? (Jan. 21, 2008) — Astronomers have uncovered hints that there may be cosmic strings - lines of pure mass-energy - stretching across the entire Universe. Cosmic strings are predicted by high energy physics theories, ... > read more
New Satellite Data On Universe's First Trillionth Second (Mar. 17, 2006) — Scientists peering back to the oldest light in the universe have new evidence for what happened within its first trillionth of a second, when the universe suddenly grew from submicroscopic to ... > read more
Big Bang's Afterglow Fails Intergalactic 'Shadow' Test (Sep. 5, 2006) — The apparent absence of shadows where shadows were expected to be is raising new questions about the faint glow of microwave radiation once hailed as proof that the universe was created by a "Big ... > read more
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Case Physicist Detects Solar System Corrupted Cosmological Data (Mar. 9, 2005) — Recent findings from Case Western Reserve University physicists and their collaborators may change cosmologists' understanding of when the oldest stars in our universe might have ... > read more
Pair Win Physics Nobel Prize For Understanding Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (Oct. 3, 2006) — The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for 2006 jointly to John C. Mather of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center and George F. Smoot of the University of ... > read more
New NASA Office Will Study Strange Cosmic Phenomena (July 9, 2007) — NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center will house the agency's new Einstein Probes Office, created to study the universe's exotic phenomena: dark energy, black holes and cosmic microwave background ... > read more
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NASA Probe Finds Sea Of Cosmic Neutrinos, New Evidence Of Early Universe
ScienceDaily (Mar. 7, 2008) — NASA has just released five years of data collected by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) that refines our understanding of the universe and its development. It is a treasure trove of information, including at least three major findings:
See also:
Space & Time
* Cosmology
* Big Bang
* Astrophysics
* Astronomy
* Cosmic Rays
* Dark Matter
Reference
* Shape of the Universe
* Big Bang nucleosynthesis
* Cosmic microwave background radiation
* Galaxy formation and evolution
* New evidence that a sea of cosmic neutrinos permeates the universe
* Clear evidence the first stars took more than a half-billion years to create a cosmic fog
* Tight new constraints on the burst of expansion in the universe's first trillionth of a second
"We are living in an extraordinary time," said Gary Hinshaw of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. "Ours is the first generation in human history to make such detailed and far-reaching measurements of our universe."
WMAP measures a remnant of the early universe - its oldest light. The conditions of the early times are imprinted on this light. It is the result of what happened earlier, and a backlight for the later development of the universe. This light lost energy as the universe expanded over 13.7 billion years, so WMAP now sees the light as microwaves. By making accurate measurements of microwave patterns, WMAP has answered many longstanding questions about the universe's age, composition and development.
The universe is awash in a sea of cosmic neutrinos. These almost weightless sub-atomic particles zip around at nearly the speed of light. Millions of cosmic neutrinos pass through you every second.
"A block of lead the size of our entire solar system wouldn’t even come close to stopping a cosmic neutrino,” said science team member Eiichiro Komatsu of the University of Texas at Austin.
WMAP has found evidence for this so-called "cosmic neutrino background" from the early universe. Neutrinos made up a much larger part of the early universe than they do today.
Microwave light seen by WMAP from when the universe was only 380,000 years old, shows that, at the time, neutrinos made up 10% of the universe, atoms 12%, dark matter 63%, photons 15%, and dark energy was negligible. In contrast, estimates from WMAP data show the current universe consists of 4.6% percent atoms, 23% dark matter, 72% dark energy and less than 1 percent neutrinos.
Cosmic neutrinos existed in such huge numbers they affected the universe’s early development. That, in turn, influenced the microwaves that WMAP observes. WMAP data suggest, with greater than 99.5% confidence, the existence of the cosmic neutrino background - the first time this evidence has been gleaned from the cosmic microwaves.
Much of what WMAP reveals about the universe is because of the patterns in its sky maps. The patterns arise from sound waves in the early universe. As with the sound from a plucked guitar string, there is a primary note and a series of harmonics, or overtones. The third overtone, now clearly captured by WMAP, helps to provide the evidence for the neutrinos.
The hot and dense young universe was a nuclear reactor that produced helium. Theories based on the amount of helium seen today predict a sea of neutrinos should have been present when helium was made. The new WMAP data agree with that prediction, along with precise measurements of neutrino properties made by Earth-bound particle colliders.
Another breakthrough derived from WMAP data is clear evidence the first stars took more than a half-billion years to create a cosmic fog. The data provide crucial new insights into the end of the "dark ages," when the first generation of stars began to shine. The glow from these stars created a thin fog of electrons in the surrounding gas that scatters microwaves, in much the same way fog scatters the beams from a car’s headlights.
"We now have evidence that the creation of this fog was a drawn-out process, starting when the universe was about 400 million years old and lasting for half a billion years," said WMAP team member Joanna Dunkley of the University of Oxford in the U.K. and Princeton University in Princeton, N.J. "These measurements are currently possible only with WMAP."
A third major finding arising from the new WMAP data places tight constraints on the astonishing burst of growth in the first trillionth of a second of the universe, called “inflation”, when ripples in the very fabric of space may have been created. Some versions of the inflation theory now are eliminated. Others have picked up new support.
"The new WMAP data rule out many mainstream ideas that seek to describe the growth burst in the early universe," said WMAP principal investigator, Charles Bennett, of The Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Md. "It is astonishing that bold predictions of events in the first moments of the universe now can be confronted with solid measurements."
The five-year WMAP data were released this week, and results were issued in a set of seven scientific papers submitted to the Astrophysical Journal.
Prior to the release of the new five-year data, WMAP already had made a pair of landmark finds. In 2003, the probe's determination that there is a large percentage of dark energy in the universe erased remaining doubts about dark energy's very existence. That same year, WMAP also pinpointed the 13.7 billion year age of the universe.
Additional WMAP science team institutions are: the Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, Columbia University, University of British Columbia, ADNET Systems, University of Chicago, Brown University, and UCLA.
Adapted from materials provided by NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center.
Email or share this story:
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Need to cite this story in your essay, paper, or report? Use one of the following formats:
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NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center (2008, March 7). NASA Probe Finds Sea Of Cosmic Neutrinos, New Evidence Of Early Universe. ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 24, 2009, from http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2008/03/080307182745.htm
enlarge
Relative constituents of the universe today, and for when the universe was 380,000 years old, 13.7 billion years ago. Neutrinos used to be a larger fraction of the energy of the universe than they are now. (Credit: WMAP Science Team)
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Pericole sexuale
Lipsa de informare poate duce la deces. Afla mai mult!
www.informarehpv.ro
Int. Diabetes Monitor
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InternationalDiabetesMonitor.com
NovoRapid®
Information on NovoRapid® for healthcare professionals.
www.NovoNordisk.com
MacOSX Astronomy Software
Sky maps, Live web data, LX200, Asteroids, Satellites, CCD analysis
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"How To Lose Belly Fat"
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Could The Universe Be Tied Up With Cosmic String? (Jan. 21, 2008) — Astronomers have uncovered hints that there may be cosmic strings - lines of pure mass-energy - stretching across the entire Universe. Cosmic strings are predicted by high energy physics theories, ... > read more
New Satellite Data On Universe's First Trillionth Second (Mar. 17, 2006) — Scientists peering back to the oldest light in the universe have new evidence for what happened within its first trillionth of a second, when the universe suddenly grew from submicroscopic to ... > read more
Big Bang's Afterglow Fails Intergalactic 'Shadow' Test (Sep. 5, 2006) — The apparent absence of shadows where shadows were expected to be is raising new questions about the faint glow of microwave radiation once hailed as proof that the universe was created by a "Big ... > read more
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Case Physicist Detects Solar System Corrupted Cosmological Data (Mar. 9, 2005) — Recent findings from Case Western Reserve University physicists and their collaborators may change cosmologists' understanding of when the oldest stars in our universe might have ... > read more
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Search ScienceDaily
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First Stars In The Universe
Astronomers removed light from closer and better known galaxies and stars from pictures taken with the Spitzer Space Telescope. The remaining images. ... > full story
* Astronomers And Computer Scientists Reveal Astronomical Events In Real Time
* Physicist Calls for Airline Industry to Educate Workers about Radiation Levels
* Gastroenterologists Use Optics To Detect Early Stages Of Colon Cancer
* more science videos
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* Scientists make "sugar bug" drug for bowel disease
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* more science news
In Other News ...
* Pace of U.S. existing home sales fastest in 2 years
* Hurricane Bill weakens near Bermuda
* Iraq officials urge change after bombs
* U.S. upset at hero's welcome for Lockerbie bomber
* Karzai, chief rival claim victory in Afghan vote
* Ex-UBS banker turned informant sentenced to jail
* Iran allows IAEA better access at nuclear sites
* Bill weakens to Category 2 off Bermuda
* more top news
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