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Do Dwarf Galaxies Favor MOND Over Dark Matter?
ScienceDaily (Apr. 7, 2008) — A detailed analysis of eight dwarf galaxies that orbit the Milky Way indicates that their orbital behaviour can be explained more accurately with Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) than by the rival, but more widely accepted, theory of dark matter. The results will be presented by Garry Angus, of the University of St Andrews, at the RAS National Astronomy Meeting in Belfast on the 2nd of April.
See also:
Space & Time
* Galaxies
* Astrophysics
* Stars
* Dark Matter
* Astronomy
* Black Holes
Reference
* Gravitation
* Star cluster
* Barred spiral galaxy
* Magellanic Clouds
"MOND was first suggested to account for things that we see in the distant universe. This is the first detailed study in which we’ve been able to test out the theory on something close to home. The MOND calculations and the observations appear to agree amazingly well. We’ve also found some exciting tidal effects predicted by MOND that we should be able to test through future observations and simulations," said Angus.
Essentially, MOND adds a new constant of nature (a0) to physics, besides the speed of light, Planck’s constant among others. Above it, accelerations are exactly as predicted by Newton’s second law, which says that a force equals an object’s mass times its acceleration. Below it, gravity decays with distance from a mass, rather than distance squared. This constant is so small that it goes unnoticed with the large accelerations that we experience in day-to-day life. For instance, when we drop a ball the gravity is 100 billion times stronger than a0 and the accelerated motion of the Earth round the Sun is 50 million times stronger. However, when objects are accelerating extremely slowly, as we observe in galaxies or clusters of galaxies, then the constant makes a significant difference to the resulting gravitational forces.
When MOND is applied to the population of dwarf galaxies, one effect is that tidal forces from the Milky Way, which have a negligible effect in classical Newtonian Mechanics, can actually make a big difference. This is particularly significant for the dwarfs orbiting our Galaxy most closely.
"In these dwarf galaxies, the internal gravity is very weak compared to the gravity of the Milky Way. MOND suggests that the Milky Way is a bit like a bank that loans out gravity to nearby dwarf galaxies to make them more stable. However, there are conditions on the loan: if the dwarf galaxies start to approach the bank, the loan is gradually reduced or even cancelled and the dwarfs must pay it back. In two galaxies, we’ve seen what could be signs that they’ve come too close too quickly and are unable to repay the loan fast enough. This appears to have caused disruption to their equilibrium," said Angus.
Angus used MOND to calculate the ratio of mass to amount of light emitted by the stars in the dwarf galaxies from the observed random velocities of the stars collected independently. He also calculated the orbital paths of the stars in the dwarf galaxies. In all eight cases, the MOND calculations for the orbits were within predictions. For six of the eight galaxies, the calculations were also a good match to expected values for mass-to-light ratios; however for two galaxies, Sextans and Draco, the ratios were very high, which could well suggest tidal effects. The value for Sextans could also be due to poor quality measurements of the galaxy’s luminosity, which are improving all the time for these ultra dim objects.
"These tidal effects can be tested by updating the 13 year old luminosity of Sextans and making accurate observations of the orbits of Draco and Sextans around the Milky Way. We also need to carry out some detailed simulations to understand the exact mechanisms of the tidal heating," said Angus.
If Newton’s gravity holds true, the dark matter needed in the dwarfs has constant density in the centre which is contrary to theoretical predictions, which suggest density should rise to the centre.
"Even without direct detection, the dark matter theory is difficult to prove or refute and although we may not be able to prove whether MOND is correct, by carrying out these kind of tests we can see if it continues to hold up or if it is definitely ruled out," said Angus.
Adapted from materials provided by Royal Astronomical Society.
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Royal Astronomical Society (2008, April 7). Do Dwarf Galaxies Favor MOND Over Dark Matter?. ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 24, 2009, from http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2008/04/080402202332.htm
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Satellite galaxies of the Milky Way. (Credit: University of St Andrews)
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Related Stories
Dwarf Galaxies Need Dark Matter Too, Astronomers Say (Oct. 28, 2007) — Stars in dwarf spheroidal galaxies behave in a way that suggests the galaxies are utterly dominated by dark matter, astronomers have found. Astronomers measured the velocity of 6,804 stars in seven ... > read more
Cosmic Dance Helps Galaxies Lose Weight (July 29, 2009) — Astronomers offer an explanation for the origin of dwarf spheroidal galaxies. The research may settle an outstanding puzzle in understanding galaxy ... > read more
Time For A New Theory Of Gravitation? Satellite Galaxies Challenge Newtonian Model (Apr. 23, 2009) — The high speed of stars and apparent presence of 'dark matter' in the satellite galaxies that orbit our Milky Way Galaxy presents a direct challenge to Newton's theory of gravitation, according to ... > read more
Study Plunges Standard Theory Of Cosmology Into Crisis (May 5, 2009) — Do we have to modify Newton's theory of gravitation as it fails to explain so many observations? Voices are increasingly being heard that support this heretical hypothesis. Two new studies are likely ... > read more
How Fast Does Dark Matter Fall? (Oct. 1, 2006) — Dark matter is mysterious stuff. Scientists don't really know much about it at all, other than the fact that there seems to be a lot of it in the universe. Thanks to a new analysis by physicists at ... > read more
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Do Dwarf Galaxies Favor MOND Over Dark Matter?
ScienceDaily (Apr. 7, 2008) — A detailed analysis of eight dwarf galaxies that orbit the Milky Way indicates that their orbital behaviour can be explained more accurately with Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) than by the rival, but more widely accepted, theory of dark matter. The results will be presented by Garry Angus, of the University of St Andrews, at the RAS National Astronomy Meeting in Belfast on the 2nd of April.
See also:
Space & Time
* Galaxies
* Astrophysics
* Stars
* Dark Matter
* Astronomy
* Black Holes
Reference
* Gravitation
* Star cluster
* Barred spiral galaxy
* Magellanic Clouds
"MOND was first suggested to account for things that we see in the distant universe. This is the first detailed study in which we’ve been able to test out the theory on something close to home. The MOND calculations and the observations appear to agree amazingly well. We’ve also found some exciting tidal effects predicted by MOND that we should be able to test through future observations and simulations," said Angus.
Essentially, MOND adds a new constant of nature (a0) to physics, besides the speed of light, Planck’s constant among others. Above it, accelerations are exactly as predicted by Newton’s second law, which says that a force equals an object’s mass times its acceleration. Below it, gravity decays with distance from a mass, rather than distance squared. This constant is so small that it goes unnoticed with the large accelerations that we experience in day-to-day life. For instance, when we drop a ball the gravity is 100 billion times stronger than a0 and the accelerated motion of the Earth round the Sun is 50 million times stronger. However, when objects are accelerating extremely slowly, as we observe in galaxies or clusters of galaxies, then the constant makes a significant difference to the resulting gravitational forces.
When MOND is applied to the population of dwarf galaxies, one effect is that tidal forces from the Milky Way, which have a negligible effect in classical Newtonian Mechanics, can actually make a big difference. This is particularly significant for the dwarfs orbiting our Galaxy most closely.
"In these dwarf galaxies, the internal gravity is very weak compared to the gravity of the Milky Way. MOND suggests that the Milky Way is a bit like a bank that loans out gravity to nearby dwarf galaxies to make them more stable. However, there are conditions on the loan: if the dwarf galaxies start to approach the bank, the loan is gradually reduced or even cancelled and the dwarfs must pay it back. In two galaxies, we’ve seen what could be signs that they’ve come too close too quickly and are unable to repay the loan fast enough. This appears to have caused disruption to their equilibrium," said Angus.
Angus used MOND to calculate the ratio of mass to amount of light emitted by the stars in the dwarf galaxies from the observed random velocities of the stars collected independently. He also calculated the orbital paths of the stars in the dwarf galaxies. In all eight cases, the MOND calculations for the orbits were within predictions. For six of the eight galaxies, the calculations were also a good match to expected values for mass-to-light ratios; however for two galaxies, Sextans and Draco, the ratios were very high, which could well suggest tidal effects. The value for Sextans could also be due to poor quality measurements of the galaxy’s luminosity, which are improving all the time for these ultra dim objects.
"These tidal effects can be tested by updating the 13 year old luminosity of Sextans and making accurate observations of the orbits of Draco and Sextans around the Milky Way. We also need to carry out some detailed simulations to understand the exact mechanisms of the tidal heating," said Angus.
If Newton’s gravity holds true, the dark matter needed in the dwarfs has constant density in the centre which is contrary to theoretical predictions, which suggest density should rise to the centre.
"Even without direct detection, the dark matter theory is difficult to prove or refute and although we may not be able to prove whether MOND is correct, by carrying out these kind of tests we can see if it continues to hold up or if it is definitely ruled out," said Angus.
Adapted from materials provided by Royal Astronomical Society.
Email or share this story:
| More
Need to cite this story in your essay, paper, or report? Use one of the following formats:
APA
MLA
Royal Astronomical Society (2008, April 7). Do Dwarf Galaxies Favor MOND Over Dark Matter?. ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 24, 2009, from http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2008/04/080402202332.htm
enlarge
Satellite galaxies of the Milky Way. (Credit: University of St Andrews)
Ads by Google
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Bolile sexuale
Lipsa de educatie sexuala poate duce la deces. Afla mai mult!
www.informarehpv.ro
Int. Diabetes Monitor
A free online review journal on trends in clinical diabetes.
InternationalDiabetesMonitor.com
NovoRapid®
Information on NovoRapid® for healthcare professionals.
www.NovoNordisk.com
Telescopes
Europe's big telescopes shop. 1,000 items on stock. 24h shipping.
www.astroshop.eu/telescopes
X-Ray Astronomy A/D
Digitize radio astronomy signals with high resolution PCI A/D boards
acquisitionlogic.com
Related Stories
Dwarf Galaxies Need Dark Matter Too, Astronomers Say (Oct. 28, 2007) — Stars in dwarf spheroidal galaxies behave in a way that suggests the galaxies are utterly dominated by dark matter, astronomers have found. Astronomers measured the velocity of 6,804 stars in seven ... > read more
Cosmic Dance Helps Galaxies Lose Weight (July 29, 2009) — Astronomers offer an explanation for the origin of dwarf spheroidal galaxies. The research may settle an outstanding puzzle in understanding galaxy ... > read more
Time For A New Theory Of Gravitation? Satellite Galaxies Challenge Newtonian Model (Apr. 23, 2009) — The high speed of stars and apparent presence of 'dark matter' in the satellite galaxies that orbit our Milky Way Galaxy presents a direct challenge to Newton's theory of gravitation, according to ... > read more
Study Plunges Standard Theory Of Cosmology Into Crisis (May 5, 2009) — Do we have to modify Newton's theory of gravitation as it fails to explain so many observations? Voices are increasingly being heard that support this heretical hypothesis. Two new studies are likely ... > read more
How Fast Does Dark Matter Fall? (Oct. 1, 2006) — Dark matter is mysterious stuff. Scientists don't really know much about it at all, other than the fact that there seems to be a lot of it in the universe. Thanks to a new analysis by physicists at ... > read more
Search ScienceDaily
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Enter a keyword or phrase to search ScienceDaily's archives for related news topics,
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Rare Herb Speeds Weight Loss. Lose 25 Pounds in 2 Weeks.
www.AppliedNutritionalResearch.com
Mauna Kea Summit
The original Sunset and Stargazing adventure. E Komo Mai!
maunakea.com
Telrads and Finder Charts
Buy Sky Spot Telrad Finder Charts. Telrads $38.95 Bases $7.95 & Books
www.sky-spot.com
Just In:
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* more science news
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* Hurricane Bill brings rain, wind to eastern Canada
* Greek wildfire near Athens spreads, thousands flee
* UBS chairman says clients "not harmless victims": report
* Afghan challenger says election "widely rigged"
* New deficit projections pose risks to Obama's agenda
* Proud Scots feel heat over Libyan bomber's release
* Pakistan Taliban name new leader but doubts remain
* Rival Koreas meet ahead of state funeral
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