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Rats' Mental 'Instant Replay' Drives Next Moves
ScienceDaily (Aug. 27, 2009) — Researchers at MIT's Picower Institute for Learning and Memory have found that rats use a mental instant replay of their actions to help them decide what to do next, shedding new light on how animals and humans learn and remember.
See also:
Mind & Brain
* Memory
* Intelligence
* Neuroscience
Plants & Animals
* Behavioral Science
* Animals
* Rodents
Reference
* Memory bias
* Mirror neuron
* Amnesia
* Sleep deprivation
The work will appear in the Aug. 27 issue of the journal Neuron.
"By understanding how thoughts and memories are structured, we can gain insight into how they might be disrupted in diseases and disorders of memory and thought such as Alzheimer's and schizophrenia," said study author Matthew A. Wilson, the Sherman Fairchild Professor of Neuroscience at the Picower Institute. "This understanding may lead to new methods of diagnosis and treatment."
Wilson's laboratory explores how rats form and recall memories by recording — with an unprecedented level of accuracy — the activity of single neurons in the hippocampus while the animal is performing tasks, pausing between actions and sleeping. The hippocampus is the seahorse-shaped brain region researchers believe to be critical for learning and memory.
Wilson's previous work has shown that after the animals run a maze, their brains "replay" during sleep the sequence of events they experienced while awake. Researchers believe this process is key to sleep-reinforced memory consolidation in both animals and humans.
The latest study shows that these sequences also occur when the animals are awake and may help them decide what to do next.
Not-so-instant replay
When a rat moves through a maze, certain neurons called "place cells," which respond to the animal's physical environment, fire in patterns and sequences unique to different locations. By looking at the patterns of firing cells, researchers can tell which part of the maze the animal is running.
While the rat is awake but standing still in the maze, its neurons fire in the same pattern of activity that occurred while it was running. The mental replay of sequences of the animals' experience occurs in both forward and reverse time order.
"This may be the rat equivalent of 'thinking,'" Wilson said. "This thinking process looks very much like the reactivation of memory that we see during non-REM dream states, consisting of bursts of time-compressed memory sequences lasting a fraction of a second.
"So, thinking and dreaming may share the same memory reactivation mechanisms," he said.
Memory's building blocks
"This study brings together concepts related to thought, memory and dreams that all potentially arise from a unified mechanism rooted in the hippocampus," said co-author Fabian Kloosterman, senior postdoctoral associate.
The team's results show that long experiences, which in reality could have taken tens of seconds or minutes, are replayed in only a fraction of a second. To do this, the brain links together smaller pieces to construct the memory of the long experience.
The researchers speculated that this strategy could help different areas of the brain share information — and deal with multiple memories that may share content — in a flexible and efficient way. "These results suggest that extended replay is composed of chains of shorter subsequences, which may reflect a strategy for the storage and flexible expression of memories of prolonged experience," Wilson said.
Moreover, by comparing the content of the replay with the rat's physical location on the track and his actual behavior immediately before and after the replay event the researchers could tell the rat was not just thinking about his most recent experience but also about other options, such as: "What if I turned around and went back the way I came?" or "How would I get here if my starting point is at a distant location?"
This suggests that the same brain mechanisms come into play to remember the past and consider future actions, reinforcing recent work by neuroscientists outside of MIT who determined that in humans, cognitive processes related to episodic recall and evaluation of future events overlap to a high degree.
Memory formation and future planning are among the cognitive functions ravaged by diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia and psychosis.
"A better understanding of how we use memories, not only to learn from past experiences but also to explore our future options, can give us insights into how the system fails under these disease conditions," Kloosterman said.
The MIT researchers plan to further explore the link between awake replay and cognition in animals engaged in more cognitively demanding tasks such as those involving multiple choices, where the rat has to make a decision ("do I go left or right?") based on a prior learned rule.
In addition to Wilson, the study was led jointly by Kloosterman and MIT brain and cognitive sciences graduate student Thomas J. Davidson.
This research was supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Adapted from materials provided by Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2009, August 27). Rats' Mental 'Instant Replay' Drives Next Moves. ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 27, 2009, from http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2009/08/090826152810.htm
enlarge
Researchers at MIT's Picower Institute for Learning and Memory have found that rats use a mental instant replay of their actions to help them decide what to do next, shedding new light on how animals and humans learn and remember. (Credit: iStockphoto/Oleg Kozlov)
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Related Stories
Aging Impairs The 'Replay' Of Memories During Sleep (Aug. 1, 2008) — Aging impairs the consolidation of memories during sleep, a process important in converting new memories into long-term ones, according to new animal research in the July 30 issue of the Journal of ... > read more
Memories May Be Formed Throughout The Day, Not Just While Sleeping (June 23, 2009) — Scientists have long thought that processes occurring during sleep were responsible for cementing the salient experiences of the day into long-term memories. Now, however, a study of scampering rats ... > read more
Where's The Cheese? Researchers Discover 'Episodic-like' Memory In Rats (July 11, 2006) — Psychologists from UGA report in the new issue of Current Biology that laboratory rats have a detailed representation of remembered events and therefore also likely have episodic-like memory. The ... > read more
Animals Are 'Stuck In Time' With Little Idea Of Past Or Future, Study Suggests (Apr. 7, 2008) — Dog owners, who have noticed that their four-legged friends seem equally delighted to see them after five minutes away as five hours, may wonder if animals can tell when time passes. New research in ... > read more
How Alzheimer's Robs Sufferers Of Episodic Memory (May 19, 2009) — Scientists have developed new insights into how one kind of memory works. The study shows that laboratory rats have "episodic-like memory" and could open novel ways to study life-robbing loss of ... > read more
The Art Of Persuasion: Are Consumers Interested In Abstract Or Concrete Features? (Aug. 27, 2009) — What types of messages are most persuasive? For example, would you be more likely to buy a TiVo if an ad described it as offering you freedom or if it explained how you could replay sports events? A ... > read more
If You're Feeling Helpless, It May Be Best To Be Alone (Jan. 3, 2008) — If you're going to experience a period of helplessness, it's best to be alone. New research found that laboratory rats that were on their own when exposed to uncontrollable conditions, which create a ... > read more
Altruistic Rats: First Evidence For Generalized Reciprocal Cooperation In Non-humans (July 5, 2007) — Empirical evidence from rats supports the theory of generalized reciprocity, in which individuals are more likely to cooperate with an unknown individual if they have received help in the ... > read more
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Rats' Mental 'Instant Replay' Drives Next Moves
ScienceDaily (Aug. 27, 2009) — Researchers at MIT's Picower Institute for Learning and Memory have found that rats use a mental instant replay of their actions to help them decide what to do next, shedding new light on how animals and humans learn and remember.
See also:
Mind & Brain
* Memory
* Intelligence
* Neuroscience
Plants & Animals
* Behavioral Science
* Animals
* Rodents
Reference
* Memory bias
* Mirror neuron
* Amnesia
* Sleep deprivation
The work will appear in the Aug. 27 issue of the journal Neuron.
"By understanding how thoughts and memories are structured, we can gain insight into how they might be disrupted in diseases and disorders of memory and thought such as Alzheimer's and schizophrenia," said study author Matthew A. Wilson, the Sherman Fairchild Professor of Neuroscience at the Picower Institute. "This understanding may lead to new methods of diagnosis and treatment."
Wilson's laboratory explores how rats form and recall memories by recording — with an unprecedented level of accuracy — the activity of single neurons in the hippocampus while the animal is performing tasks, pausing between actions and sleeping. The hippocampus is the seahorse-shaped brain region researchers believe to be critical for learning and memory.
Wilson's previous work has shown that after the animals run a maze, their brains "replay" during sleep the sequence of events they experienced while awake. Researchers believe this process is key to sleep-reinforced memory consolidation in both animals and humans.
The latest study shows that these sequences also occur when the animals are awake and may help them decide what to do next.
Not-so-instant replay
When a rat moves through a maze, certain neurons called "place cells," which respond to the animal's physical environment, fire in patterns and sequences unique to different locations. By looking at the patterns of firing cells, researchers can tell which part of the maze the animal is running.
While the rat is awake but standing still in the maze, its neurons fire in the same pattern of activity that occurred while it was running. The mental replay of sequences of the animals' experience occurs in both forward and reverse time order.
"This may be the rat equivalent of 'thinking,'" Wilson said. "This thinking process looks very much like the reactivation of memory that we see during non-REM dream states, consisting of bursts of time-compressed memory sequences lasting a fraction of a second.
"So, thinking and dreaming may share the same memory reactivation mechanisms," he said.
Memory's building blocks
"This study brings together concepts related to thought, memory and dreams that all potentially arise from a unified mechanism rooted in the hippocampus," said co-author Fabian Kloosterman, senior postdoctoral associate.
The team's results show that long experiences, which in reality could have taken tens of seconds or minutes, are replayed in only a fraction of a second. To do this, the brain links together smaller pieces to construct the memory of the long experience.
The researchers speculated that this strategy could help different areas of the brain share information — and deal with multiple memories that may share content — in a flexible and efficient way. "These results suggest that extended replay is composed of chains of shorter subsequences, which may reflect a strategy for the storage and flexible expression of memories of prolonged experience," Wilson said.
Moreover, by comparing the content of the replay with the rat's physical location on the track and his actual behavior immediately before and after the replay event the researchers could tell the rat was not just thinking about his most recent experience but also about other options, such as: "What if I turned around and went back the way I came?" or "How would I get here if my starting point is at a distant location?"
This suggests that the same brain mechanisms come into play to remember the past and consider future actions, reinforcing recent work by neuroscientists outside of MIT who determined that in humans, cognitive processes related to episodic recall and evaluation of future events overlap to a high degree.
Memory formation and future planning are among the cognitive functions ravaged by diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia and psychosis.
"A better understanding of how we use memories, not only to learn from past experiences but also to explore our future options, can give us insights into how the system fails under these disease conditions," Kloosterman said.
The MIT researchers plan to further explore the link between awake replay and cognition in animals engaged in more cognitively demanding tasks such as those involving multiple choices, where the rat has to make a decision ("do I go left or right?") based on a prior learned rule.
In addition to Wilson, the study was led jointly by Kloosterman and MIT brain and cognitive sciences graduate student Thomas J. Davidson.
This research was supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Adapted from materials provided by Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Email or share this story:
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Need to cite this story in your essay, paper, or report? Use one of the following formats:
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2009, August 27). Rats' Mental 'Instant Replay' Drives Next Moves. ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 27, 2009, from http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2009/08/090826152810.htm
enlarge
Researchers at MIT's Picower Institute for Learning and Memory have found that rats use a mental instant replay of their actions to help them decide what to do next, shedding new light on how animals and humans learn and remember. (Credit: iStockphoto/Oleg Kozlov)
Ads by Google
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New Alzheimer’s Treatment
Using Bone Marrow Stem Cells from your own body!
www.xcell-center.com/Alzheimer
Trasnlational Science
11-12 Nov 2009 Zurich First European R&D Summit
www.eyeforpharma.com/TM/
Schizophrenia
Alternative Mental Health Care It will change your mind and life
www.earthhouse.org
Neuro-Nutrition Formula
Powerful cerebro-active formulation Synergistic and pluripotent.
www.Super-Smart.eu
How Do We See - Explained
How Do We See & Memory Loss Explained by Professor Leonard Shaw
www.distantview.info
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Aging Impairs The 'Replay' Of Memories During Sleep (Aug. 1, 2008) — Aging impairs the consolidation of memories during sleep, a process important in converting new memories into long-term ones, according to new animal research in the July 30 issue of the Journal of ... > read more
Memories May Be Formed Throughout The Day, Not Just While Sleeping (June 23, 2009) — Scientists have long thought that processes occurring during sleep were responsible for cementing the salient experiences of the day into long-term memories. Now, however, a study of scampering rats ... > read more
Where's The Cheese? Researchers Discover 'Episodic-like' Memory In Rats (July 11, 2006) — Psychologists from UGA report in the new issue of Current Biology that laboratory rats have a detailed representation of remembered events and therefore also likely have episodic-like memory. The ... > read more
Animals Are 'Stuck In Time' With Little Idea Of Past Or Future, Study Suggests (Apr. 7, 2008) — Dog owners, who have noticed that their four-legged friends seem equally delighted to see them after five minutes away as five hours, may wonder if animals can tell when time passes. New research in ... > read more
How Alzheimer's Robs Sufferers Of Episodic Memory (May 19, 2009) — Scientists have developed new insights into how one kind of memory works. The study shows that laboratory rats have "episodic-like memory" and could open novel ways to study life-robbing loss of ... > read more
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Altruistic Rats: First Evidence For Generalized Reciprocal Cooperation In Non-humans (July 5, 2007) — Empirical evidence from rats supports the theory of generalized reciprocity, in which individuals are more likely to cooperate with an unknown individual if they have received help in the ... > read more
Search ScienceDaily
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Find with keyword(s):
Enter a keyword or phrase to search ScienceDaily's archives for related news topics,
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WIRES Cognitive Science
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Free Access Opt-in NOW!
www.wiley.com/wires/cogsci
Electronic von Frey
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* Germany unveils 2,000-yr-old statue of horse's head
* Spinal injury drug developed cysts in animals: Geron
* Abbott, Pfizer in pact for lung cancer screening
* EU chemicals law "spells surge in animal testing"
* Steamy heat more common in California: study
* more science news
In Other News ...
* In Chicago, swine flu hit children hardest
* Democrats try to keep health edge post-Kennedy
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* Iran MP says rape of some vote detainees proven
* Trade revives as Palestinian cities reconnect
* China denounces proposed Dalai Lama visit to Taiwan
* China urges U.S. to halt surveillance near its shores
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