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Blast Waves May Cause Human Brain Injury Even Without Direct Head Impacts
ScienceDaily (Aug. 27, 2009) — New research on the effects of blast waves could lead to an enhanced understanding of head injuries and improved military helmet design.
See also:
Health & Medicine
* Accident and Trauma
* Brain Tumor
* Psychology Research
Mind & Brain
* Brain Injury
* Disorders and Syndromes
* Neuroscience
Reference
* Cerebral contusion
* Head injury
* Brain damage
* Traumatic brain injury
Using numerical hydrodynamic computer simulations, Lawrence Livermore scientists Willy Moss and Michael King, along with University of Rochester colleague Eric Blackman, have discovered that nonlethal blasts can induce enough skull flexure to generate potentially damaging loads in the brain, even without direct head impact.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results from mechanical loads in the brain, often without skull fracture, and causes complex, long-lasting symptoms.
TBI in civilians is usually caused by direct head impacts resulting from motor vehicle and sports accidents. TBI also has emerged among military combat personnel exposed to blast waves. As modern body armor has substantially reduced soldier fatalities from explosive attacks, the lower mortality rates have revealed the high prevalence of TBI.
There has been extensive research on how head impacts, for example from automobile accidents, cause traumatic brain injury. But TBIs resulting from blast waves without head impacts have not been well understood.
To tackle this puzzle, the team used three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations to prove that direct action of the blast wave on the head causes skull flexure, producing mechanical loads in brain tissue comparable to those in an injury-inducing impact, even at nonlethal blast pressures as low as 1 bar above atmospheric pressure.
In particular, the team showed that blast waves affect the brain very differently from direct impacts.
The primary source of injury from direct impacts is the force resulting from the bulk acceleration of the head. In contrast, a blast wave squeezes the skull, creating pressures as large as an injury-inducing impact and pressure gradients in the brain that are much larger. This occurs even when the bulk head accelerations induced by a blast wave are much smaller than from a direct impact.
“The blast wave sweeps over the skull like a rolling pin going over dough,” said King, LLNL co-principal investigator.
Although the simulations show that the skull is deformed only about 50 microns (the width of a human hair), “this is large enough to generate potentially damaging loads in the brain,” according to Moss.
Because blast waves and direct impact affect the head in fundamentally different ways, armor systems that are designed to protect soldiers from impacts and projectiles may not be optimal for blast wave protection.
The team studied how helmets and their suspension systems influence the blast-induced mechanical loads in the brain.
They looked at two common systems: a nylon web system formerly used in the Personnel Armor Systems Ground Troops infantry helmet and viscoelastic foam pads like those in advanced combat helmets. Both helmets were modeled as hemi-ellipsoidal Kevlar shells.
In the first case, the 1.3 centimeter gap between the webbing and the shell allows the blast wave to “wash” under the helmet. In this case, the blast wave is focused by the shape of the helmet and the pressures under the helmet exceed those outside, so the helmet doesn't prevent the rippling deformation of the skull and pressure gradients in the brain.
In the second case, this “under wash” effect is mostly prevented by the presence of the foam pads, but under blast loading, the pads can become stiffer so that the blast wave-induced motion or deformation of the helmet is transferred to the skull. This can result in dangerous loads in the brain.
“The possibility that blasts may contribute to traumatic brain injury has implications for injury diagnosis and improved armor design,” Moss said.
Blackman added, “By comparing the effect of blasts on the head with the effect of head impacts we'd be able to make some sense of the distinct mechanisms of injury, the damage a solider might incur, and how a helmet might be designed to minimize both.”
The research appears online Aug. 26 in Physical Review Letters.
Adapted from materials provided by DOE/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
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DOE/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (2009, August 27). Blast Waves May Cause Human Brain Injury Even Without Direct Head Impacts. ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 27, 2009, from http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2009/08/090826152713.htm
The Army's Advanced Combat Helmet replaced the older Personal Armor System for Ground Troops helmet. Its Kevlar shell provides ballistic and impact protection, and its reduced edge cut, although reducing area of coverage, improves soldiers' field of vision and hearing. (Credit: Photo courtesy U.S. Army)
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China Stem Cell News
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Related Stories
Better Protection Against Improvised Explosive Devices (Nov. 26, 2008) — Of all the threats facing U.S. soldiers in combat, among the most dangerous are roadside bombs and other improvised explosive devices. Scientists are aiming to predict the risk of traumatic brain ... > read more
Catastrophic Head Injury Three Times Greater In High School Vs. Collegiate Football Players (July 6, 2007) — New research reveals that high school football players are three times more likely to experience catastrophic head injury (death, permanent neurologic damage or serious injuries with full recovery) ... > read more
For Iraq Veterans, Headaches Continue After Traumatic Brain Injury (Feb. 24, 2009) — Many soldiers who experienced mild head trauma or a blast exposure while serving in Iraq or Afghanistan are returning to the United States with headaches, according to a new ... > read more
Blast Overpressure Is Generated From The Firing Of Weapons, And May Cause Brain Injury (Jan. 20, 2009) — Blast overpressure is generated from the firing of weapons and may cause brain injury. The brain may be injured by the noise, which is produced when, for example, an anti-tank weapon (Bazooka, Karl ... > read more
Head Injuries Increase Dramatically After Motorcycle Helmet Law Repeal (June 16, 2008) — Large increases in head injury deaths and hospitalizations occurred in Pennsylvania in the two years following the repeal of the motorcycle helmet law in 2003, says a new study in the American ... > read more
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Wearing a helmet can make it hard to figure which direction sounds -- such as gunfire -- is coming from. Soldiers in Iraq are using a new helmet,. ... > full story
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ScienceDaily: Your source for the latest research news and science breakthroughs -- updated daily
Science News
Share Blog Cite
Print Email Bookmark
Blast Waves May Cause Human Brain Injury Even Without Direct Head Impacts
ScienceDaily (Aug. 27, 2009) — New research on the effects of blast waves could lead to an enhanced understanding of head injuries and improved military helmet design.
See also:
Health & Medicine
* Accident and Trauma
* Brain Tumor
* Psychology Research
Mind & Brain
* Brain Injury
* Disorders and Syndromes
* Neuroscience
Reference
* Cerebral contusion
* Head injury
* Brain damage
* Traumatic brain injury
Using numerical hydrodynamic computer simulations, Lawrence Livermore scientists Willy Moss and Michael King, along with University of Rochester colleague Eric Blackman, have discovered that nonlethal blasts can induce enough skull flexure to generate potentially damaging loads in the brain, even without direct head impact.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results from mechanical loads in the brain, often without skull fracture, and causes complex, long-lasting symptoms.
TBI in civilians is usually caused by direct head impacts resulting from motor vehicle and sports accidents. TBI also has emerged among military combat personnel exposed to blast waves. As modern body armor has substantially reduced soldier fatalities from explosive attacks, the lower mortality rates have revealed the high prevalence of TBI.
There has been extensive research on how head impacts, for example from automobile accidents, cause traumatic brain injury. But TBIs resulting from blast waves without head impacts have not been well understood.
To tackle this puzzle, the team used three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations to prove that direct action of the blast wave on the head causes skull flexure, producing mechanical loads in brain tissue comparable to those in an injury-inducing impact, even at nonlethal blast pressures as low as 1 bar above atmospheric pressure.
In particular, the team showed that blast waves affect the brain very differently from direct impacts.
The primary source of injury from direct impacts is the force resulting from the bulk acceleration of the head. In contrast, a blast wave squeezes the skull, creating pressures as large as an injury-inducing impact and pressure gradients in the brain that are much larger. This occurs even when the bulk head accelerations induced by a blast wave are much smaller than from a direct impact.
“The blast wave sweeps over the skull like a rolling pin going over dough,” said King, LLNL co-principal investigator.
Although the simulations show that the skull is deformed only about 50 microns (the width of a human hair), “this is large enough to generate potentially damaging loads in the brain,” according to Moss.
Because blast waves and direct impact affect the head in fundamentally different ways, armor systems that are designed to protect soldiers from impacts and projectiles may not be optimal for blast wave protection.
The team studied how helmets and their suspension systems influence the blast-induced mechanical loads in the brain.
They looked at two common systems: a nylon web system formerly used in the Personnel Armor Systems Ground Troops infantry helmet and viscoelastic foam pads like those in advanced combat helmets. Both helmets were modeled as hemi-ellipsoidal Kevlar shells.
In the first case, the 1.3 centimeter gap between the webbing and the shell allows the blast wave to “wash” under the helmet. In this case, the blast wave is focused by the shape of the helmet and the pressures under the helmet exceed those outside, so the helmet doesn't prevent the rippling deformation of the skull and pressure gradients in the brain.
In the second case, this “under wash” effect is mostly prevented by the presence of the foam pads, but under blast loading, the pads can become stiffer so that the blast wave-induced motion or deformation of the helmet is transferred to the skull. This can result in dangerous loads in the brain.
“The possibility that blasts may contribute to traumatic brain injury has implications for injury diagnosis and improved armor design,” Moss said.
Blackman added, “By comparing the effect of blasts on the head with the effect of head impacts we'd be able to make some sense of the distinct mechanisms of injury, the damage a solider might incur, and how a helmet might be designed to minimize both.”
The research appears online Aug. 26 in Physical Review Letters.
Adapted from materials provided by DOE/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
Email or share this story:
| More
Need to cite this story in your essay, paper, or report? Use one of the following formats:
APA
MLA
DOE/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (2009, August 27). Blast Waves May Cause Human Brain Injury Even Without Direct Head Impacts. ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 27, 2009, from http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2009/08/090826152713.htm
The Army's Advanced Combat Helmet replaced the older Personal Armor System for Ground Troops helmet. Its Kevlar shell provides ballistic and impact protection, and its reduced edge cut, although reducing area of coverage, improves soldiers' field of vision and hearing. (Credit: Photo courtesy U.S. Army)
Ads by Google
Advertise here
Cerebral Stroke Treatment
Adult stem cell therapy: request information today!
xcell-center.com/CerebralStroke
unique stem cell therpy
for brain injury,patients will have obvious improvement in 5 weeks
www.likecell.cn
China Stem Cell News
Blogs and Videos of Brain Injury Patients treated w/ stem cells
www.stemcellschina.com
5 Tips for a Hot Body
Ab exercises don't burn body fat, but this unique method does.
TruthAboutAbs.com
Medical Equipment
Gynecology Examination Chair, Insulin Pump,Laser Therapy Device.
www.ec21.com
Related Stories
Better Protection Against Improvised Explosive Devices (Nov. 26, 2008) — Of all the threats facing U.S. soldiers in combat, among the most dangerous are roadside bombs and other improvised explosive devices. Scientists are aiming to predict the risk of traumatic brain ... > read more
Catastrophic Head Injury Three Times Greater In High School Vs. Collegiate Football Players (July 6, 2007) — New research reveals that high school football players are three times more likely to experience catastrophic head injury (death, permanent neurologic damage or serious injuries with full recovery) ... > read more
For Iraq Veterans, Headaches Continue After Traumatic Brain Injury (Feb. 24, 2009) — Many soldiers who experienced mild head trauma or a blast exposure while serving in Iraq or Afghanistan are returning to the United States with headaches, according to a new ... > read more
Blast Overpressure Is Generated From The Firing Of Weapons, And May Cause Brain Injury (Jan. 20, 2009) — Blast overpressure is generated from the firing of weapons and may cause brain injury. The brain may be injured by the noise, which is produced when, for example, an anti-tank weapon (Bazooka, Karl ... > read more
Head Injuries Increase Dramatically After Motorcycle Helmet Law Repeal (June 16, 2008) — Large increases in head injury deaths and hospitalizations occurred in Pennsylvania in the two years following the repeal of the motorcycle helmet law in 2003, says a new study in the American ... > read more
Search ScienceDaily
Number of stories in archives: 44,032
Find with keyword(s):
Enter a keyword or phrase to search ScienceDaily's archives for related news topics,
the latest news stories, reference articles, science videos, images, and books.
Ads by Google
Advertise here
brain injury treatment
Wu Stem Cells Medical Center treatment for brain injury
www.unistemcells.com
Just In:
Dune Formation On Saturn's Largest Moon
Surprising Effects Of Solar Activity On Climate
Why Obama's Dog Has Curly Hair
Huge Planet Orbits 'Wrong' Way Around Star
Extrasolar Hot Jupiter 'Shouldn’t Exist'
Mysterious Glaciers Grew When Asia Heated Up
Tiny Ancient Shells Point To Earliest Fashions
'Plasmobot': First Robot Designed Using Mould
'Plasmobot': First Robot Designed Using Mould
Science Video News
New Combat Helmet
Wearing a helmet can make it hard to figure which direction sounds -- such as gunfire -- is coming from. Soldiers in Iraq are using a new helmet,. ... > full story
* Engineers Create Virtual Crash Test Dummies
* Structural Engineers Develop Disaster-Resistant Technology
* 3D Imaging System Helps Athletes Recover from Injuries
* more science videos
Breaking News
... from NewsDaily.com
* Germany unveils 2,000-yr-old statue of horse's head
* Spinal injury drug developed cysts in animals: Geron
* Abbott, Pfizer in pact for lung cancer screening
* EU chemicals law "spells surge in animal testing"
* Steamy heat more common in California: study
* more science news
In Other News ...
* In Chicago, swine flu hit children hardest
* Democrats try to keep health edge post-Kennedy
* New jobless claims fall in latest week
* Prisons, colleges top states' budget cuts: Pew
* Iran MP says rape of some vote detainees proven
* Trade revives as Palestinian cities reconnect
* China denounces proposed Dalai Lama visit to Taiwan
* China urges U.S. to halt surveillance near its shores
* more top news
Copyright Reuters 2008. See Restrictions.
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